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22
Fenomentotalitaryzmów
THEDEMOCRATICDECALOGUE69
DefinitionbyContrast
ConstitutionalDemocracy
A.SourceandScopeofPower
1.ResponsibleGovernment
2.FreedomofChoiceofAlternatives
partygovernment
majorityruleandminorityrights
“HerMajesty,sOpposition”
themeaningofcompromise
B.LeadersandFollowers
3.InstitutionalLeadership
LeadershipinthedemocraticMass
Society
Totalitarianism
PoliticalApproach
Totalitarianismintimeandspace
Enforcementofconformitythe
one-partystate(Gleichschaltung)
SociologicalApproach
PersonalLeadership
RuleoftheDemagogue
TeLieutenants:competingpyramids
underneaththemonolith
4.Constitutionalism:RuleofLaw
RulebyDegree
5.Tepoliticalparty:democraticrepre-
Centralizedauthoritarianism
sentationandintegration
6.Pluralismofdemocraticdailylife
Controlofthemassesthrough
throughcompetitiveinformalgroups,
institutions,propagandaandfearas
interestorganizations,civicsocieties
apoliticalweapon
7.SocialCohesion
PulverisedSociety
TeriseoftheCrisesStrataArtificial
CoordinationoftheGarrisonState
C.ManandSociety
8.InternationalOrder
9.TeIdeologicalClimate:
RationalSocietyandFreeInterplayof
FreeAgencies
10.TeConceptofMan
Inalienablerightsoftheresponsible
individual
IdeologicalApproach
UnlimitedExpansion
TeIrrationalCounter-Revolution
EmotionalGovernmentandthecontrol
oftheamorphousmasses
“EscapefromFreedom”
“Securitythroughmiracle,mysteryand
authority:(TeGrandinquisitor)
Henamesathirdcategoryintheformof“authoritarianism”asahistorically-dom-
inantpoliticalsystemindevelopingcountries.70Inhisview,authoritarianstatesdo
notformulatemissionarygoalsandalsolackanideologicalbasis–ifonedisregards
avagueconservativecreed.Incontrastwithtotalitarianregimestheydonotseekto
69S.Neumann,TowardaTeoryofTotalitarianism,p.35.
70Cf.K.Stenner,TeAuthoritarianDynamic,Cambridge2005.
