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InstitutionalandCulturalPerspectivesinElderCareinRuralVietnam
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therelationsbetweentheprinciplesunderpinningtheserisksareinstitutionally
defined.Socialrisksarethereforeessentialandcoreelementsofwelfareregimes,
andtheycan“beinternalisedinthefamily,allocatedtothemarket,orabsorbed
bythewelfarestate”.And“wherethestateabsorbsrisks,thesatisfactionofneed
isboth’de-familialised’(takenoutofthefamily)and<decommodified’(takenout
ofthemarket)”(Esping-Andersen1997).“Defamilialisation”isnowanequalpartner
ofthecategoryof“de-commodification”withintheanalysis.Thesetwocategories
areinturncloselyinfluencedbytheparticipationofwomeninthelabourmarket
aswellasbyworkallocationwithinthefamily.
Therelationshipbetweenfamilynetworksandservicesystemsissignificant
inretainingautonomyinoldage.Thewaydifferentwelfarestatessupportthefamily
isparticularlyimportant.Previousresearchhasshownthateldercareisashared
responsibilitybetweenthepublicandprivatespheres.Butthebalancediffers
betweencountries,dependinguponthreefactors:familynormsandpreferences
forcare;familyculture,whichguidesthelevelofreadinesstousepublicservices;
andtheavailability,accessibility,qualityandcostofservices.IntheAsiancontext,
socialnormsoffilialpietyaddanotherdimensiontotheintergenerationalcare
diamondfortheelderly.
VernL.BengtsonandRobertE.L.Robertshavedevelopedaconceptualframe-
workforstudyingintergenerationalrelationscalledthe“IntergenerationalSolidarity
Model”(Bengtson,Roberts1991).Themodelconceptualisesintergenerational
familysolidarityasamulti-dimensionalphenomenonwithsixcomponentsreflect-
ingexchangerelations:structuralsolidarity,associationalsolidarity,affectualsoli-
darity,consensualsolidarity,functionalsolidarityandnormativesolidarity.These
sixdimensionscanbefurtherreducedtothree.Thesearethestructuralandas-
sociationalelementsofsolidarity,givingopportunitiesforinteraction;affectual
solidarity,whichistheclosenessandwarmthfeltbetweenindividuals;andfunctional
solidarity,whichincludesarangeofhelpingbehaviours.Intergenerationalsolidarity
canexhibitbothhighlevelsofsolidarityandconflict,andlowlevelsofsolidarity
andconflict.Thecombinationdependsonfamilydynamicsandcircumstances
(Bengtsonetal.2000).
Researchhasshownthatinmostsocieties,familycareissubstantial.Although
thefamilystillundertakesawiderangeofcaretasks,someresponsibilityforelder
careisnowentrustedtothewelfarestateandmarket.Socialcarehascometomean
bothformalandinformalcarenetworksexistingsidebyside(Daatland1997).
Oneofthebasicpolicydebatesinthisareaiswhetherformalservicessubstituteor
complementinformalfamilycare.Socialpoliciesforolderpeopleinmostcountries
tendtotreatfamiliesandservicesystemsasalternativesthatsubstituteeachother
(Lowenstein,Katz2003).Manyfunctionsofthetraditionalfamilyhavebeentaken
WieśiRolnictwo3(184)/2019
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