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KatarzynaZawalińska,AnnaCiechomska,BłażejJendrzejewski
ThereareCGEmodelsbuiltinthelinkbetweensomenotionofknowledge
andgrowth,includingthePolishTERMmodel(POLTERM)
3
.Inthedynamic
POLTERMmodel,theR&Dexpendituresbyindustry,governmentandhouseholds
aretreatedasinvestmentintothestockofknowledge.Followingthemethodused
bytheAmericanBureauofEconomicAnalysis(Sliker2007;Bernat2007),stock
ofknowledgeiscalculatedusingtheperpetualinventorymethod.
AnotherCGEmodel-RHOMOLO-hasaneconomicgrowthdepending
positivelyoninvestmentsinR&Dandeducation,linkedthroughtotalfactorpro-
ductivity(TFP)(Brandsmaetal.2011;BrandsmaandKancs2015).Byinvesting
inR&Dandeducationeachregionisabletocatch-upfasterwiththeregiontech-
nologicalleaderandbetteradoptitstechnologies.Theauthorsproposedtousean
estimatedlogisticfunctionthatwouldallowfortheestimationofacriticalhuman
capitallevelthatappliesacrossregions.InvestmentinR&Dinregionsbelowthat
levelwouldbeexpectedtohavenoimpactonregionalTFP;investmentinR&Din
regionsabovethatlevelwouldhaveacatching-upeffectdependingonthedistance
tothetechnologyfrontier.
Anotherexampleofthemodelwhichtacklessuchintangiblepolicy
instrumentsaspromotingR&D,humancapitaldevelopment,entrepreneurship
policiesormoreintensivepublic/privatecollaborations,istheGMRmodelsystem
byVargaetal.(2009).Theauthorsmeasurenewtechnologicalknowledgeby
patentcountsspatiallyallocatedaccordingtotheaddressesofinventors;human
capital,bythenumberofpeoplethathaveattainedatleastauniversitydegree;
theproxyforsocialcapitalistheshareofpopulationovertotalpopulationthat
hastakenpartatleastonceinthelast12monthsinsocialactivities.Theyare
alllinkedtoTFPintheregions.Theideabehindtheestimatedmodelisthat
humancapitalandaccumulatedtechnologicalknowledgearethemaininputs
toregionalproductivity.
Itisworthmentioning,however,thatmostempiricalstudiesanalysingthe
impactoftotalCAPsubsidiesonefficiencyandproductivity(withuseofStochastic
FrontierandDataEnvelopmentAnalysis-DEA)reported,however,thenegative
impactofCAPmeasuresonTFP(e.g.ZhuandOudeLansink2010;Latruffe2010).
AnotherstudybyMary(2013b),appliedageneralisedmethodofmoments(GMM)
system
4
andrevealedthatamongvariousfarmsubsidies,onlythosesubsidieshave
significantlynegativeimpactsonTFPwhicharefairlyautomatic,suchasset-aside
premiumsandLessFavouredAreas(LFA)payments.Onthecontrary,moretargeted
3
TheworkbasedTERMversionextendedoverR&Dmodulehasnotyetbeenpublishedbutis
undergoingarevisionprocessinascientificjournal.
4BasedonFrenchcropfarmssamplefromFADNovertheperiodbetween1996and2003.
18
WieśiRolnictwo4(173)/2016