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CHAPTERI
tradepolicy,protectionistpressuresindifferentpoliticalsystem,thelevelof
protectionistpressures,foodproducerpressures,internationaltradeliberalization
andenvironmentalprotection,bilateraltendenciesinthecontemporaryforeign
tradepolicy.DespitetheundeniablebenefitsofthemultilateralWTOforumfor
tradeliberalization,therapidincreaseofNorth-Southbilateralandmultilateral
FreeTradeAreas(FTAs)begsasystematicexplanationforwhysomeforums
areprioritizedrelativetoothers.
Theanalizedproblemsweresolvedwiththeuseofbothquantitativeand
qualitativeresearchmethods.Themainresearchmethodappliedinthisanalysis,
wasamethodofscientificstudyusedforsplittingthewhole(ofindividual
items,theirsets,phenomena)bymeansoflogicalabstraction.Itwasalsoused
theanalogy(comparative)method,whichconsistsinfindingsimilaritiesand
differencesbetweentheitemsunderstudy,thedocumentationmethodand
statisticalmethods.Itwereappliedthedescriptivemethod,aswellasmethods
ofdescriptivestatisticsandforecasting.Additionally,itwereusedthemethods
ofdeductiveandinductiveforecasting.Forthepresentationoftheproblemthe
levelofprotectionistpressureswasadaptedthemathematicalmodel.
2.PoliticalEconomyModelofForeignTradePolicy
Traditionally,politicaleconomymodelsoftradepolicyhavetendentofocuson
thedemandforprotection,withfactorendowmentsdrivingpoliticalreactions
toexposuretointernationaltrade.Suchmodelsimplyassumedthatadversely
affectedeconomicagentswouldorganizetoseekprotection,whichwouldbe
affordedtothembytheirelectedrepresentativesinthepoliticalsystem.The
supplysidefortradepolicywaseitherignoredorunderspecifiedinmostmodel
(ThiesandPorche,2007).
Inthenewmodeloftheforeigntradepolicytheoryinterestingarethereviews
ofAltetal.(1996)andNelson(1988)aboutthedemandfortradepolicyin
termsofthetheoreticalimportanceoffactorspecificity(Alt,Frieden,Gilligan,
RodrikandRogowski,1996;Nelson,1988).Factorspecificityreferstothe
easewithwhichfactors(land,labour,andcapital)canmovefromonesectorto
anotherinaneconomy.Thetwodominantapproachestoexplainingthedemand
sideoftradepolicyusedradicallydifferentassumptionsaboutthespecificityof
factors.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,usedbyRogowski(1989)inhisseminal
contribution“CommersandCoalitions”,assumesverylow-factorspecificity
(Rogowski,1989).Thelowspecificityoffactorsmeansthatfactorreturnsare
equalizedthroughoutaregion’seconomy.Producersshouldexportgoodsthat
intensivelyusetheirabundantfactorsandimportgoodsthatintensivelyuse
theirscarcefactors,withtheresultthatownersofabundantfactorswillfavour
