Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
22
CHAPTERI
throughfull-blownrenegotiationoftheenvironmentalelementsofthetrading
system(Esty,2000).
Findingwaystoaddresstheenvironmentalissuesthatinescapablyarisein
thecontextofdeepereconomicintegrationandtendencytothesustainable
developmentmustbeseenasanimportanttradepolicypriority,asamatter
ofWTOcommitmenttoundergirdingthetraderegimewithsoundeconomic
theory,andasamatterofpoliticalnecessity.Buildingatradingsystemthatis
moresensitivetopollutioncontrolandnaturalresourcesmanagementissues
ismandatedbythegrowingdegreetowhichtheserealmsintersectwithtrade
andenvironmentalpoliciesmutuallyreinforcingarealsoadvisabletotheextent
thatthepresenceoftraderulesthatinternalizeexternalitieswillprovetobe
moreeconomicallyefficientovertime.Institutionalizingthelinksfromthetrade
regimetoenvironmentalactorsandotherelementsofcivilsocietywillalsopay
dividends.AcultureofopennesswithintheWTOislikelytogeneratepolicies
thatthepublicacceptsandthatthereforebecomemoreusefulanddurable
(Esty,2000).
7.BilateralTendenciesinContemporaryForeignTradePolicy
Thetendenciesininternationaltradedevelopmentcancreatechangesindomestic
markets,placingpressureonpoliticalactorstoobtainaidfromthegovernment.
Therearealsothegroupswhichwanttocoordinateactivitiesandchangeforeign
tradepolicy.EuropeanCommissionprovidethejustificationforprotectionofthe
internalsinglemarkettoresponsetoglobalcompetition.Itisimportantunderline
thatessentially,thegovernmentappearstosupplyprotectionforaffectedparties;
yet,theoverallimpactonconsumers,producers,andforeigncompetitionis
negligible(ThiesandPorche,2007).Significantgovernmentownershipofthe
productiveresourcesofacountryhasanegativeeffectontradeliberalisation,
whilefragmentationofdecision-makingauthority,expressedasfragmentation
withinthegovernmentandpluralisminsociety,hasapositiveimpactonthe
liberalisationoftradepolicy(Kennedy,2007).
Intheareaofforeign-policyanalysishasfocusedon“threei’s”:interest
groups,internationalstructure,andideas(Kennedy,2007).Intheinterestsgroups
literature,governmentpolicyisviewedastheoutcomeofcompetitionbetween
groupsfortradepoliciesthatbenefittheirindustry(Nau,1989;Milner,1995;
MilnerandYoffie,1989;Schattschneider,1935).Internationalstructuresuggests
thatfreertradewasareflectiononU.S.interestsanditshegemonicstatus
afterWorldWarII,whileadeclineinfreetradeisareflectionoftheU.S.’s
hegemonicdecline(Krasner,1976).Theliteratureonideassuggeststhatpolicy
believearereflectedinlawsandinstitutions.Theselawsandinstitutions,in
