World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19

Zdzisław W. Puślecki

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-8017-339-2

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Elipsa

Rok wydania:

2021

Liczba stron:

276

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Puślecki, Zdzisław W.. World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19. Red. . Warszawa: Elipsa, 2021, 276 s. ISBN 978-83-8017-339-2

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Puślecki, Z.W.

T1 World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19

PB Elipsa

PP Warszawa

YR 2021

SN 978-83-8017-339-2

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 254435, author = "Puślecki, Zdzisław W.", editor = "", title = "World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19", publisher = "Elipsa", year = "2021", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-8017-339-2" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Puślecki, Zdzisław W.

ED -

TI - World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19

PB - Elipsa

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2021

SN - 978-83-8017-339-2

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Puślecki, Zdzisław W.. World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19 [baza danych online] Warszawa: Elipsa, 2021 [dostęp: 28 06 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/world-economy-against-new-challenges-in-the-time-of-covid-19-zdzislaw-w-puslecki-254435.

Covid-19, World economy in the XXI century

World economy in the XXI century there is before various new challenges and especially in the time of COVID-19. Important are the new tendencies in the economic development of the European Union in the XXI century. In the new circumstances for the...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-8017-339-2

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Elipsa

Rok wydania:

2021

Liczba stron:

276

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Spis treści niedostępny

CHAPTERI

Questionishowcanwerecognizethetypeofpower,thetypeofrule?First

ofall,weshouldinvestigatewhatlevelofresourcesagivengovernmentis

goingtoachieve.Ifanauthoritariangovernmentismoreorlesscorruptedthan

ademocraticone,itwillbecreatingtheincome,toabiggerorlesserdegree,

throughprotectionism.Itwillalsoappropriatesomepartofthatincome.Secondly,

agiventypeofgovernmentmayremainundertheinfluenceofdifferentpressure

groups.Ifanauthoritariangovernmentistrying,tosomeextent,tosubordinate

specialpressuregroupsincludingtheregulatedlaborsector,itwillbe,tosome

extent,generatingincomesthroughprotectionanditwillbeturningoversome

partofthemtothosespecialpressuregroups.

Itshouldbepointedoutthatthereexistsacloserelationbetweendemocracy

andaneconomicgrowth,Therearewellknownexamplesofopensocietiesthat

stimulatetheeconomicgrowth.Thisistruemainlyincaseofhighlydeveloped

andstronglyurbanizedcountries.Inthecountrieswithadevelopeddemocracy,

thepressuregroupshaveabiggeropportunityforacting.Theresearchshows

thatthepresenceoftradeunionshelpstoacceleratetheeconomicreforms.

Thebenefitsresultingfromliberalizationoftheinternationaltradearebigger

whenthetradeunionsexistinthesectoroftheeconomyunderprotection.The

growthofimportabilitiesleadstothedecreaseofwagepressures,andwhen

thetradeunionsagreetothat,suchasituationallowsforabetterallocationof

laborforceintheeconomy.Thisistruebothinthecaseofactiveandpassive

tradeunions,althoughtheeffectsarebetterincaseofactivetradeunions.

ThegrowinginterdependenceandthedeclineofUSAtradehegemonyhave

ledtoincreasedcompetitivenessandgreatertemptationstoresorttostrategic

tradepolicy.Tradepolicytakesonadditionalimportanceineconomicbattleof

“thevaliantliberalreformers,fightingagainstself-dealingrentseekersprofiting

frominconsistenciesofthetransitioneconomy”.Manyoftheclientelistpolicies

thatshelterrentseekersareimpossibletomaintaininthefaceofcompetitionin

theinternationaleconomy.Ontheotherhand,hightariffwalls,exportlicensing,

andartificialexchangeratesprovidenumeroussourcesofrentsforbusiness

peoplewhoaretryingtopromotetheirownloyalties.

Thereductionortheeliminationoftraderestrictionsstimulatessignificantly

thegrowthoftheworldtradeexchange,whiletheforeigntrade,inturn,is

animportantfactoroftheeconomicgrowthofindividualcountries.However

itshouldbestressedthatfreetradeinitselfisnotresponsibleforeconomic

growth,butmoresignificantarethedeterminingmacroeconomicstabilityand

increasinginvestment.

Reachingtheeffectiveagreementsontheinternationaltradeliberalization

andonenvironmentalprotectioninthelightofsustainabledevelopmentis

consideredtobebothverydifficultandverydelicatequestion.Theproblems

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World Economy Against New Challenges in the Time of COVID-19

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