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CHAPTER2.CONCEPTSOFFISCALCONSOLIDATION
Whiledrawingconclusionsfromthereviewoftheeffectsoffiscalconsolidation,
itcanbestatedthatconsolidationmeasuresbothonthesideofincomeandpublic
expenditurehaveapositiveeffectonlong-termeconomicgrowth,butintheshort
termtheseeffectsmaybenegative0
Considerationsonfiscalstrategiescannotbefocusedsolelyonfiscalinstruments
andtheirtransmissionchannels,buttheyshouldalsotakeintoaccountthepaceof
consolidation0Afast-pacedconsolidationmayproducefaster-than-expectedresults,
butintheshorttermitcanhaveagreaternegativeimpactonindustrialoutputand
societywealth0Suchacorrelationimpliesgreaterpoliticalrisk,whichweakensthe
propensityofpoliticianstocarryoutrapidconsolidation0Acceptingpoliticalriskre-
vealsmoreadvantagesofslowconsolidation0Theslowerpaceofconsolidationhas
apositivemacroeconomicimpact,especiallyinthecaseoflargeadjustments018
Largeadjustments,incontrasttosmallconsolidations,generallyhadapositive
macroeconomicimpact0Amongthelargeadjustments,amoregradualpaceofimple-
mentationseemstoleadtomorefavourablemacroeconomiceffects0
Inthesubjectliterature,theconceptsoffiscalconsolidationusuallytaketheform
ofeconometricmodels0Whiledefiningtheconsolidationpaths,assumptionsareof-
tenmadethatmaylimittheapplicationofthemodel0Forexample,inthemodelof
expenditure-basedconsolidationforthesmallopeneconomyoftheeurozoneproposed
byAlmeidaetal0,theinteractionbetweenfiscalconsolidationandfinancingmodes
isignored,althoughtheauthorspointtotherelevanceofthisissueinthecontextof
thedebtcrisis019Themodelalsoassumesexcellent(ideal)credibilityoffiscalpolicy0
Also,thephenomenonofincomeinequalities,whichplayakeyroleinfiscalpolicy
strategies,isnottakenintoaccount0Apartfromtheconstraintsresultingfromthe
constructionofmodels,themaindifficultyinapplyingthegeneralpatternofconsoli-
dationisthedifferentiationofindividualcountriesintermsofeconomic,socialand
politicaldeterminants0Therefore,modelsshouldtakeintoaccountcountry-specific
conditions0SuchanapproachisfavouredbyCournède,GoujardandPina,whohave
proposedachoiceofconsolidationinstrumentsfor31OECDcountries,takinginto
accounttheirimpactonlong-termgrowth,capitalaccountandcurrentaccountof
eachcountry020
18G.C.Tsibourisetal.,GExperiencewithLargeFiscalAdjustments”,InternationalMonetaryFund,
OccasionalPaper,no0246,2006,p010
19Almeidaetal.,GFiscalConsolidation”,p.3.
20B.Cournède,A.GoujardandÁ.Pina,GHowtoAchieveGrowth-andEquity-friendlyFiscalCon-
solidation?AProposedMethodologyforInstrumentChoicewithanIllustrativeApplicationtoOECD
Countries”,OECD,ECO/WKP(2013)80,Paris2013.
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