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18Introduction
Moritaproposesfourphasesofthetherapy:
1.Isolation-rest/absolutebedrest(oftenoneweekresting,when
thepatientsrelievethemselvesofthestressanddailytirednessand
finallyexperienceinnerconflicts,boredom,andidleness);
2.Lightoccupationaltherapy(patientsperformsimpletaskssuch
aswalking,touchingthesoil,observingthegarden);
3.Heavyoccupationaltherapy(patientsperformmorecomplicated
taskse.g.cleaning,fixingthefurniture,cookingetc.);
4.Complicatedactivitytherapyinpreparationforactuallife/
socialreintegration(someoftheseactivitiesaredoneoutsideofthe
residentialtherapybuildings)(Morita1928/1998:35;Ishiyama2003).
Thegoalofthetherapyisconcentrationontheactivity,regardless
ofthesymptomsandfearsthatthepersonexperiences.Thefocusof
perceptionchangesfromtheselftotheactivity.
Anotherveryimportantkindofcontemplativepracticesare
usedintheNaikanTherapy.NaikanmeansHlookinginside”.Itis
connectedwiththeobservationofselfandexperiencingfeelings.
Theobservationisdonefromtheperspectiveofanotherperson,in
theJapanesecontextitisusuallyamother(Ozawa-deSilva2006,
2015).TheNaikantherapyisacontemplativeactivitybasedonthe
ShinBuddhistpracticemishirabe,whichwasadaptedbyYoshimoto
Ishinsoastousethistechniqueatprisonstoreconvertcriminalsto
thesociety.Thetechniquewasalsousedeffectivelyintherapyfor
alcoholism,pachinkoaddiction,anddrugaddiction(Ozawa-deSilva
2007:413).Thetherapyisbasedontheone-weeklongstayingin
seclusiontoconcentrateonthepastdeedsandtoundertakesome
reflectionsofthem.Thepracticeconsistsoffollowingsteps:H(1)what
theclientreceivedfromthatperson,(2)whatheorshegaveback
tothatperson,and(3)whattroubleheorshecausedthatperson”
(ibid.:214).Themindisusuallypreoccupiedwiththeego,solooking
attheselffromtheperspectiveofasignificantother(amother)could
changethewayofthinkingandfeeling.
Theresearchshowsthatpeopleafterthetherapy:H(1)change
theirperceptionofothers;(2)changetheirperceptionofthemselves;
(3)feelastrongsensetobemorehelpfultoothers;and(4)realizethat
one’sproblemsarenotobjective,theyarenotexternalproblemsbut,
rather,problemsofone’sownperception”(ibid.:418).Wecanseethat
adaptationofthespiritualtraditionofcontemplationcouldhave,both
individuallyandsocially,healingeffects.Theconcentrationonloveof
otherpeopleandcompassion,whicharefeaturesofBuddhism,canbe
transferredtoeverydaylifebytherapeuticpractice,andthuschange
thelivesoftreatedpatients.Thecontemplativetherapyshowsthat