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severalcriticaltreaties.hisChristianiumdefideet
sacramentisdictumwasregardedasbestlecturein
faithaswellasbestpolemicalworkbybefriended
JohannesDantiscus.Thus,Stanislaushosiuswas
delegatedtoprepareaPolishedition,whichwould
bepublishedin1545;however,underaslightly
changedtitlethatwouldemphasizetheroleof
thepublicationChristianadeFIDEetsacramentis
contrahaereticorumidtemporiserroresexplanatio.
Thiscoursebookwassupposedtoserveasacat-
echisminthediocesesubordinatetoDantiscus.
Newreligiousideasgeneratedlivelyinterest
intheCracowcenter.AndrzejFryczModrze-
wskimadereferencestodisputesthathewas
engagedinwithfriendsin154619.Asidefrom
textsbyModrzewski(andhisadversaries),the
volumealsocompriseswritingsbytheinitiators
oftheProtestantcampledbyMartinLuther
(andhisopponentJohannCochlaeus,andin
Poland-MarcinKromer).Worthseeingisthe
firstLutherantext,publishedforthepurposeof
peopledwellingintheDutchyofPrussia.Albrecht
hohenzollern(1490-1568),thelastgrandmaster
oftheTeutonicKnights,andthefirstDukeof
Prussia,becomeknownasanadvocateandapro-
tectorofLutheranism,whichhebecameinterested
in1521,whereasin1525hedefinitelybrokewith
Catholicism.Forthepurposeofthenewreligion,
Albrechtformedanadministrational,political,
andreligiousorganization(Landeskirchentum),
whichisdepictedinthe1544editionoftheAct
onthesupremepowerofthegloryofGod(Us-
tawaozwierzchnieichwaleBozei).Inthefirst
decreeonpageone,Albrechtemphasizesthat
aftertheinspectionof“all[Prussian]statesand
districts,”heseesaneedforsettlingchurchmat-
ters,“[…]soasallmatter[…]iskindlyandjustly
handled,andtheservantsofourLordJesusChrist
andhisholyword,justandnecessaryfoodwere
given[…]forthespreadingofhisgloryandtrue
teachings.”Owingtothecollaborationbetween
bishops,theologians,andpreachers,standariza-
tionactwasprepared,withregardtoactsonthe
landassemblyfromtheyear1525,andthenunder
penaltyfornotabiding,forwardedtothefollow-
erstotheir“unvaryinganduniformbehavior.”
Thetextwasnotonlypublishedforthepurpose
ofthe“educationofthecommonman,”butalso
readfourweeksbefore“thetownofcatechism”
wasintroduced.Itssignificancewasstrengthened
byaletterfromtheirsuperiors,whichconcerned
10
therangeofbeingeffectiveandthenatureofthe
proposedceremoniesaswell.Theyreferredtothe
patternsofbehaviorduringmass,absolution,and
teachingsonmurderers,funeral,andalsocom-
monprayers.Anexpressionofparticularcareof
thecorrectnessoftheeditionistheerrata,placed
attheend,alongwiththeexplanationofmistakes,
“theprinterwouldnotknowawordinPolish.”In
KrólewiecAlbrechtinitiatedpublicationoffirst
reformationworksinPolish(in1535-1567eighty-
onetitleswerereleased),booksinLatinand
GermanwereofferedtoSigismundAugustusas
well20.TheuniversityinKrólewiec,establishedin
1544,favoredthedisseminationoftheProtestant
faith.Tolerancetowardsotherfaithswascharac-
teristicofPolishChristianityintheRenaissance21.
however,bookspublishedatthattimewerevery
usefultoallChristians.Theyweredirectedto
thefollowersofJudaism,who“regardthemselves
aliberatednation,curseChristians,speakfoulof
them,thinkthemrejectedbyGod,notknowing
theirowncondemnation”22.
Asceticism,mystics,hagiographywererep-
resentedbyworkswrittenbyeminentmasters
andtheoreticionsofthespirituallife,suchas,for
example,:ernardofClairvaux.Polishsaintswere
infocus,whichprovedthepublicationofthelife
ofSaintStanislaus(Vitas.Stanislai)editedby
JanDługosz,andalsoTheLifeofSaintCasimir.
Closetothisveinwasalsosecularhistoriography
withaleadingfigureofMaciejofMiechów,the
authorofChronicaPolonoru[m]andTractatus
deduabusSarmatiisAsianaetEuropianaetde
contentisineis.
Filippo:uonaccorsi(PhilippusCallimachus
Experiens,Bonacursius),anItalianhumanist,was
theauthorofThelifeofWładysławofVarna,
whileSigismundvonherberstein,anenvoyto
PolandandtheGrandDutchyofMoscow,com-
mitedhisRussianexperiencesonpagesofCo-
mentaridellaMoscoviaetparimentedellaRussia.
FromantiquehistoryLeonardo:runi(Aretino)
translatedXenophon’sHistoriarerumgestarumin
GraeciaandtheAustriandiplomatandhistorian
editedthehistoryofRomanemperors.
The16thcenturywasthetimeoftheincrease
inlegislativeactivityofthePolishchurch,which
resultedinreformsbroughtaboutonprovincial
synods(from1510to1577)aswellasdiocesan
ones.ArchbishopJanŁaskicalledfifteensynods
whosepurposewas,amongotherthings,topro-
