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Theuniverseofdebate.
Foreword
AgnieszkaBudzy
ń
ska-Daca
ORCiD0000-0003-1002-7197
UniversityofWarsaw
1.introduction
Isegoriaandparrhesia-freedomtospeakandequalityinspeaking-aretwovirtuesof
Atheniandemocracythathaveguidedthedevelopmentofdebatesinceitsdawn(Hansen
1999:86).Teuniverse(touseacategorythathasbecomeacceptedamongmediausers)
ofdebatesinvolvescompetitioninargumentationforspecificgains,whethercognitiveor
practical,legitimisingtheprimacyofoneviewpointoptionoveranother,ofonespeaker
overothers.Participationinadebate,whetheractiveorpassive,impliessocialconsent
tothisandnotthatresolutionofthedispute:bywayofaclashofarguments,views,and
ethosofspeakers.Weconsenttothisclashofargumentsintheexpectationthatitwill
produceresultsthatmaynotsatisfyusatallbutwillbeamanifestationofsomekindof
socialjusticethatsatisfiesatthesametimetheneedtoparticipateinaritualandanexcit-
ingspectacle.
Duetoitsvibrancyandfunctionality,debateisgainingsupportersamongyoungpeo-
plewhowanttoimprovetheirskillsinpublicspeakingandexpressingopinionsorwho
enjoyintellectualcompetition.Amongthesocialgroupsthatpractisedebateasahobbyor
professionallyatdiferentlevels,therearepupilsandstudents,aswellaspoliticians,intel-
lectuals,socialactivists,representativesofgovernmentinstitutionsandlocalauthorities,
peoplewhoactivelyparticipateinthecreationofdiscoursesatdiferentlevelsandpeople
whoareactivatedtotakepartinthem.Amongtheobservers,thereisanaudiencethatis
engaged,evaluating,andwantingtodecideonissuesofimportancetothecommunity,
andfinally,anaudiencethatenjoysthedebateasaspectacle,astrugglebetweenoppos-
ingforcesembodyingdiferentsocialrationales,which,thankstotheargumentationand
rhetoricalartistryoftheperformance,obtaintheirpublicdimension.
Teuniverseofdebatewillincludemediaevents,suchashigh-profileclashesbetween
intellectuals,e.g.,żižek-Peterson,Chomsky-Foucault,availabletoviewersontheYou-
Tubeplatform,ortheparliamentarydebateonthevoteofnoconfidenceintheMinis-
terofJusticeortheBiden-Trumppre-electiondebate,butalsoadebateorganisedinthe
classroomduringnativelanguageclassesinsomeschoolsinsomecountries.Amongthe