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Ontheotherhand,however,hebelievedthattherulesandprincipleswere
applicableatthetacticallevel.Hestronglyrejectedtheuseofthemethodand
schemeincampaignsandwarplanningandregardedthemaslimitingthe
commander’screativeactivities.HeagreedwithNapoleonI’sthesisthatthe
warfarewastodestroytheenemy’sarmedforces16.Manyoftherules,concepts
andprinciplescreatedbyvonClausewitz,somehowagainsthisintentions,lay
thefoundationsformodernoperationalart,especiallyitsmethods.
Teproperoperationshape,andinfactaframesimilartothemodern
onewasmadebyHelmuthvonMoltketheelder.Inhisopinion,thebattleis
aresultofamanoeuvre,theoperationisacombinationofthesetwoelements.
InMoltke’sview,themanoeuvreshapedthesituation,whileabattlewasthe
outcomeandsecuredtheobjectiveachievement.Tus,thebattleisconsidered
anintegralpartoftheoperation.TePrussiansalsocreatedtheoperation
planningprocedure,whichconsideredthewarfaremethodsincetheforce’s
concentrationmomentinthestagingareas,throughthemanoeuvreinthe
areauntiltheassumedgoalwasachieved17.Insuchabroadsense,however,
itwasdifculttodistinguishoperationsfromcampaigns,asthesetermswere
ofenusedassynonymous.
HelmuthvonMoltke’sviewswerestreamlinedintheorybyKarlvon
Goltz(1886),whostatedthat[...]allwarfareactionsarecloselyrelated,each
consistsofaseriesofrearrangements,manoeuvresandbattles-thegroupis
calledanoperation18.TisapproachwascomplementedbySigmundWilhelm
LorenzvonSchlichting(1898)-inhisviewactionsthatcontinuallychange
fromonetotheother,whichrequireconstantarrangements,whichculminate
inabattle19shouldbeconsideredanoperation.Teoperationconceptinthe
complementaryshape,asweknow,wasestablishedbytheRussians.Genrikh
AntonowiczLeer(1898)consideredtheoperationacomplexphenomenon,
consistingofaseriesofactions,manoeuvresandfightsharmoniously
connectedwitheachotherbythesequenceofevents,thepersonofthe
commander,aswellastimeandplace.Teoperation’sideawastodefeatthe
enemy.Itwascomposedoftwoelements:thegoaldefinedasaconstantfactor
andthedirectionwhichdependedontheactionscarriedoutbytheenemy.Te
16
See:C.vonClausewitz,Onwar,vol.1,Warsaw1958,p.118.
17
See:M.Wiatr,Między...,p.35-37.
18
See:A.Czupryński,Sztuka...,p.38-39.
19
See:Ibid.
15
