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FreedomandChristologyaccordingtoTheologiaeBenedictae…
25
Church19).Theyincludetwomajoranswerstoaquestionconcerningthe
natureoffreedomandtheirdetaileddescriptionandanalysis.Twocon-
ceptsoffreedomemergefromthearticlesofthattime.Thefirstoneis
definedbyRatzingerinoneofthetextsas“thenotionof<freedom’inthe
modernhistoryofspirit,”thesecondoneas“amodernconceptof<free-
dom’inthelifeoftheChurch.”20Tosimplify
,inajustifiableway
,wemay
calltheformerconceptthe“Enlightenment-liberal”one,whilethelatter
conceptcanbedescribedasthe“Biblical-theologicalone.”
3.Theconceptof“freedom”inthemodernhistoryofspirit
Theformerconcept,inaccordancewithitsname,isderivedbyRatz-
ingerfromthespiritandtheletteroftheEnlightenment,fromitssapere
aude(“daretousereason”),apeculiarfocusonreason(thatdistancesitself
fromthesphereofreligiousfaith)andtheself-determination.21Ithasbeen
200,maybe300years(dependingonhowwedatetheEnlightenment,dis-
putesofhistoriansarestillgoingon)andtheEnlightenmentconceptof
freedomgetsextended—overRomanticism,thenationalawakeningof
the19thand20thcentury
,bloodytotalitarianturmoilandthetwoworld
wars—intoliberaldemocracy
,wherethewillofthemajoritywilldecide
uponeverythingandspecifywhatisreasonableandethicalandtherefore
shallmakelaw,decidingarbitrarilyaboutthecontentofthenotionof
“truth”and,whatinterestsusthemostatthemoment,theshape,under-
standing,andthescopeoffreedom.Forthelast22years(1989—2011)
GazetaWyborczadaily
,whichundoubtedlyisthemassmediaorganofthe
Enlightenment-liberalconceptoffreedominPoland,atleastseveraltimes
(ifnotmore)mentionedVoltaire’smottoaccordingtowhich“thereisno
freedomfortheenemiesoffreedom”(asdefinedbyliberals,ofcourse).
Thereisareasontobeafraid,becauseEuropeisaplacewherethistype
ofseeminglytheoreticaltheseshavebeen(andstillare)painfullyputinto
practice.Nottomentionitssofterversion,thatis,deprivationoffreedom
ofthought:academicexclusion,socialostracism.
Inanyevent,onthewaytothesituationoffreedomofthefirstdec-
adesofthe21stcentury
,theEnlightenmentKantwasjoinedbyanidealist
Hegel.Inthelatter’sopinion,freedomisservedbythosewhostandonthe
19KEP,pp.224—240.
20KEP,pp.225,231.
21KEP,p.225.
