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17
–chyba,że
[61]
Napewnowygra,chybażemiałbystrasznegopecha.
andothers.
Boththerelationbetweenpandq,andthechoiceofaconjunctionorthe
typeofconnection,arecrucialtotheinterpretationofthewholesentenceand
thereforetheyarediscussedinamoredetailedwayinseparatesections.
InmybookIwillgenerallyfollowtheideasoftraditionalpedagogical
grammars(e.g.Allen1959,ThompsonandMartinet1960),whichdistinguish
threetypesofconditionalsinEnglish(hererepeatedforthematterofconveni-
ence):
[3]
Ifitrains,I’llstayathome.
[4]
Ifitrained,Iwouldstayathome
[5]
Ifithadrained,Iwouldhavestayedathome.
Theyareclassifiedaccordingtothespeaker’sbelieforknowledgewhetherthe
conditionmayormaynotbefulfilled.Hence,theexamples[3]and[4]areusually
called“open”conditions,sincetheyexpressaconditionpossibletobefulfilled,
whereassentenceslike[5]aretreatedseparatelyasexpressinganunrealcondition
thatisimpossibletobefulfilled.Somegrammariansmakeanadditionaldistinc-
tionbetween[3]and[4]namingthemadequatelyasrealcondition[3]andproba-
blecondition[4].Thetypeoftheconditionisstrictlyconnectedwiththeformsof
verbphrasesusedintheif-clausesandmainclauses,althoughtheirtemporalrefer-
enceisnotalwaysclear-cut.Tomaketheinterpretationunambiguousothertime
indicatorsareneeded(suchastimeadverbials)orthecontext.
Ontheotherhand,sentenceslike[4]and[5]areseenasanexpressionofhy-
potheticalmeaninginconnectionwithtimereference(Quirk,Greenbaum,Leech
andSvartvik1972:747–748).Thereforewemayarriveatanotherdistinction,
namelybetweenhypotheticalandnon-hypotheticalforms.That,however,does
notaccountforaproblemofconditionalswithseeminglyidenticaltimerefer-
ence,butwithdifferenttensesemployed:bothrainsin[3]andrainedin[4]
refertothefuture.Thus,verbformscannotbeusedasacriterionhere.Hypo-
theticality,inabroadersense,theymayrefertovariedperiodsoftime.Infuture
sentencesthefulfilmentoftheconditionisseenascontrarytotheexpectation,in
thepresentonesascontrarytotheassumption,andinthepastonesascontrary
tothefacts(Dancygier1998:30–31).Inthiswayopenconditionalsarethose
whichareneutralwithrespecttothefulfilmentofthecondition.
MostoftheaboveholdstrueforPolish.Thereare,however,somedifferences
inthemannerofexpressingconditions,namely:
1.toindicatefutureinopenconditionEnglishusesthepresenttenseinthe
if-clauseandthefuturetenseinthemainclause,whereasPolishusesthefu-
turetenseinbothofthem.Thus,thePolishequivalentof[3]is:
