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2.SincetheCivilCode1950waspreparedandpassedafterthetakeoverofallpower
inCzechoslovakiabytheCommunistPartyoftheCzechoslovakRepublicinFebruary
1948,itisimportanttorealizeandtakeintoconsiderationthechangedsocialandpoliti-
calsituationandconsequencesarisingfromitwhichhadnotcircumventedregulationof
private-lawrelationships,primarilyregulatedwithintheobjectcivilcode.InJune1948
atthemeetingoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyoftheCzechoslovak
RepublicKlementGottwaldproclaimedthenecessityofestablishinganewlegalorder,
which"wouldhelptostrengthenanddevelopresultsofthepoliticalvictory”.Hehad
assertedthat"itisnecessarytoeliminatetheunacceptablestate,whenthelawsfrom
thetimesofMariaTheresiaarestillvalidandeffectiveinourcountry”.Theseideashad
reemergedatthe9thConventionoftheCommunistPartyoftheCzechoslovakRepublic
in1949wheretheestablishmentofthenewlegalorderoriginating"fromrevolutionary
resultsalreadyachieved”wassetasoneofthemaintasksoflawyers2.TheExplanatory
MemorandumreleasedwiththeCivilCode1950assertsthattheauthorswantedto"cre-
ateanewcivilcodeinsuchawaythatitwillbeinconsonantwithaneconomicstructure
oftoday’sevolutionalstagegivenbypowerandeconomicrelationsandtosafeguard
furtherprogressivedevelopmentoftheserelations”3.Theabovestatedimplicatesanew
approachtotheprocessingandmodificationofmanyinstitutesofcivillaw,evenmore
sinceinthisperiod,inthecontrasttothepreviousones,thereisasystematicinclusion
intothecivillaw,andthroughthatintotheCivilCode,oftheinstitutesoftradelaw
–becauseofthenewapproachwhich"[...]lessensdifferencesbetweentradeandcivil
lawanddoesnotacceptthe‘trade’law”4.
Thefunctionofthelawofobligationswasabsolutelysubordinatedtothecentral
economicplanningwhichisalsoevidentfromthegeneralprovisionsofthelawofobli-
gations:"Obligationsarisefrompursuanceoftheuniformeconomicplan,fromjuridical
acts,inparticularfromcontracts,aswellasfromdamagecausedbyaperson,unjust
enrichmentorotherfactsspecifiedbylaw”5.Thefocusoftheregulationofthelawof
obligationsintheCivilCode1950waslyingintheregulationofso-calledeconomic
contractswhichweregivenimportanceinaccordancewithart.164oftheConstitution
oftheMay9,accordingtowhich"naturalpersonsaswellaslegalentitiesareobliged
toadjusttheireconomicactivitiestotheuniformeconomicplan”6.Authorsofthecode
summarizeandexplainthistaskintheExplanatoryMemorandumquiteunequivocally:
Influenceoftheuniformeconomicplanisbeingprovednaturallymoststronglyinthenewlawof
obligationswhichisabsolutelysubordinatedtotheuniformeconomicplan,asfororigin,modifi-
cationanddischargeofobligations.Intheinterestoffulfillmentofplannedtasksadministrative
interventionsintocontractualfreedomaccordingtotheneedsofeconomicplanningareallowed;
throughthisobligationsfromadministrativeactsacquiretotallydistinctivemeaningandproduce
newcategoriesofeconomiccontracts.Principleofpublicinterestisherebreakingthroughthe
2
I.Schelleová,K.Schelle,Civilnikodexy1811,1950,1964,Brno1993,p.27.
3
ExplanatoryMemorandumtothesubmitteddraftofthecivilcode–citedfromthehttp://www.psp.cz/
eknih/1948ns/tisky/t0509_09.htm(accessdate:12IV2009).
4
Ibidem.
5
§211lawnumber141/1950Zb.,theCivilCode.
6
J.Kuklika.o.,Vývojčeskoslovenskéhopráva1945–1989,Praha2009,p.562.
