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Częśćpierwsza:Pracenaukowo-badawcze
Childhooddepression
Depressionafectspeopleofallages,includingchildrenandyoungpeople.
Depressionamongschool-agedchildrenisbecomingincreasinglycommonplace.
Childrenandadolescentswithmajordepressivedisorderaremuchmorelikelyto
commitsuicide.Depressioninschool-agedchildrenisrealanditisaseriousprob-
lemthatalltooofengoesunnoticed.Temostcommonsymptomsofdepression
arefeelingworthless,anxious,empty,irritated,hopeless,lossofinterestinactivities,
hobbies,orrelationships,reducedpleasureindailyactivities,inabilitytoenjoyactiv-
itieswhichusedtobethesourcesofpleasure,changeinappetite,persistentdifculty
infallingasleeporstayingasleep,difcultyinconcentratingormakingdecisions.
SigmundFreudsuggeststhatdepressionalsoinvolvesguiltandself-criticism,
whichcanberelatedtolossduringchildhood.Angerorhostilitymaybedirectedat
parentsiftheydonotgivethechildtheloveandwarmththatisneededforhealthy
development.However,thesedestructivefeelingsareturnedinwardsandthechild
blamesitselffortheloss,whichleadstoguiltandself-criticism1.
ReneSpitzobservedthatinfantsseparatedfromtheircaregiversforalongperiod
exhibitdevelopmentaldelays,depressionandwithdrawnafects,andunresponsive-
nesstowardhospitalcaregivers2.AccordingtoJohnBowlbythehumaninfanthas
aneedforasecurerelationshipwithadultcaregivers,withoutwhichnormalsocial
andemotionaldevelopmentwillnotoccur.Parentalbehaviourleadtothedevelop-
mentofpatternswhichwillguidetheindividualinlaterrelationships3.
Teroleofseparationintheetiologyofstuttering
SaraKlaniczayobservedthemothers’reportofchildrenwhostutterandfound
thatamong80childrenwhostutter39wereseparatedfromtheirmotherbeforethe
onsetofstuttering.Inahighpercentageofcasesalengthyseparationfrommother
precededthedevelopmentofthedisorder.Techildeitherhavinggoneonholiday
orintohospitalwithouthismother,ormotherhavinglefhome.Inherviewfrus-
trationofthechild’sneedtoclingisfundamentaltotheformationofstuttering4.
1
S.Freud:MourningandMelancholia.“TeStandardEditionoftheCompletePsychological
WorksofSigmundFreud”1957,Vol.14,s.1914-1916.
2
R.Spitz:Hospitalism:Aninquiryintothegenesisofpsychiatricconditionsinearlychildhood.
“PsychoanalyticStudyoftheChild”1945,Vol.1,53-74.
3J.Bowlby:AttachmentandLoss.NewYork,BasicBooks21969.
4S.Klaniczay:OnChildhoodStutteringandtheTeoryofClinging.“JournalofChildPsy-
chotherapy”2000,Vol.26(1),s.97-115.
