Treść książki

Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
digitalcultures,universalclassifications,facetedclassifications,
knowledgeorganizationsystems
WidadMUSTAFAELHADI
LABORATOIREGERIICO
UNIVERSITYOFLILLE3,France
DIGITALCULTURESANDUNIVERSALITY
INKNOWLEDGEORGANIZATION(KO)
Thepervasivepowerofdigitizationcausesscientific,educational,economicandculturalcommunitiestochangemodesofaccessing,sharingand
disseminatingknowledgeandleadstoaconvergencebetweenourculturalheritage,classiccultureandtechnicalculture.Itisnosurprisethatsome
researchershavecalledfora“digitalhumanism”,pointingoutattheforcebywhichnewtechnologiesarebecomingasortof“culture”sincethey
driveusintoanewglobalculturaldestiny/context”.Thispaperconsidershowknowledgeorganizationmeetsthegrowingneedtoorganizedigital
information.FacetedclassificationsisexamindedasoneofthemostadaptedKOSfortheDigitalHeritage.
1.BACKGROUNDANDRATIONALE
DigitalCulturesisdefinedbyMiladDoueihi(2011)asawiderangeoftopicsconcerningtheparticipationinonline
culture.Thisconcerns,asDoueihipointedout,informationliteracy,texts,archivingandstorage.Thediversityofdigital
practicesandtheimportanceofdigitalliteracyinanincreasinglycomplextextualenvironmentcaughttheattention
ofmanyauthorsandisbecomingcrucialforknowledgeorganizationsystems(KOS)andtheirinteroperability.
Digitalizationleadseconomicandculturalactorstochangemodesofaccessing,sharinganddisseminatingknowledge.
Douehidescribesthisprocessas
aresultofconvergencebetweenourculturalheritage,classiccultureandtechnicalculture.
Heasksforwhathecalls“digitalhumanism”.Ashementionedin
TheDigitalConversion
,(2011)
Digitalhumanismistheproof,thatnewtechnologiesarebecomingasortof«culture»sincetheydriveusintoanewglobalcultural
destiny/context[4].
Thesereflectionsconcernthesocietyasawhole.
Thispaperwillexaminehowknowledgeorganizationmeetsthegrowingneedtoorganizedigitalinformation.Weare
witnessingmanyshiftsinknowledgeorganization:thescopeoforganizedknowledgeislimitedanymoretoorganizing
booksinlibraries.Foralongtime,themosttraditionalformofindexingknowledgecontentsconsistedinapplying
classificationschemesandsubjectheadingliststoprintedbooks.Newmediahavecontinuously​appeared,whose
contentsalsoneedtobeorganized:printedimages,magneticcarriers,digitalcarriers,networkedinformation,etc.
(Gnoli,2011).
Theincreasinggrowthofmedialeadsinformationprofessionalstocopewiththenewneedsbydevelopinginnovative
methodsforindexingtheevergrowingdigitalcontentsandtoadaptthemtonewinformationcarriersandrepositories.
Thechallengesarehowtooperateconvergencebetweenthesedifferentmediafromtwopointsofviews:carriersand
contents.Thedigitalcarriersarepushinglibraries,archivesandmuseumstodevelopacommonuniversalknowledge
space(Rayward,1997).Thistrendhasbeenconfirmedbytheevergrowingriseofnewstandardsincataloguing
principles(Choi,2012;Bourdenet,2012,Arsenault,2012,amongmanyothers)andthecreationofgatewaysbetween
KOS(Hudon,2012;DextreClarke,2011,amongothers).
Webitselfaswellasdigitallibrariesanddigitalrepositoriesofvariouskindshavebecomeanessentialresource
ineducation,research,andculturalheritage.However,informationretrievalindigitallibrariesisstillpoorlysupported
andlocatingrelevantresourcesbecomesincreasinglydifficultascollectionsgrow.Todate,mostoftheeffortsindigital
environmenthavebeenfocusedontechnicalissues:architecture,metadatastandards,copyrightandinteroperability
thatarecrucialtothemanagementofdigitalrepositories(Slavic,2011;2013).Untilrecently,relativelylittleeffort
orexpertisehasbeendirectedtowardsmattersofsemanticcontentaccess,semanticinteroperability,orknowledge
captureandfacilitation.Whenbasedontextretrievalmethods,informationretrievalinthiscontextoftenresultsintoo
muchnoise,orissusceptibletothevaguenessandambiguityofnaturallanguage,andtheunsatisfactoryresultsareleft
touserstoresolve.
Howcanknowledgeorganizationmeetthesechallenges?Isitpossibletoshareauniversal/globaldigitalcultureinthe
Open-linkedDataera?Whatwillbetheimpactoflocalorspecificculturesandtheirinputinorganizingknowledge,
knowledgedistribution,sharingandaccess?Whatwillbetheimpactoftheuniversalclassificationsystemsonthe
ongoingglobalchangesgeneratedbydigitalinformationanddigitalcultures?
Toanswerthesequestionsthispaperwillfocusonsomeelements:thedigitalcultureanditsimpactonKOS.Inthis
respectwewillexamineuniversalclassificationssystemsandthewaystheyadaptedtomeettheglobalchange.
WewillshowhowtheideasofPaulOtlet(Favier&MustafaElHadi,2012)andS.R.Ranganathanarestillup-todate
andrelevantinthecurrentWebenvironments.Howcana“facetedSemanticWeb”(LaBarre,2010)beachieved
byconsideringtheworkofS.R.Ranganathan.Facetshavecaughttheattentionofpractitionerswhocreatewebsites
andWebapplications(
ibid
),andmany​researchinitiativeshavedemonstratedavarietyofapproachesand
understandingofthefacets’importancefortheSemanticWeb.Wewilllookattheseapplicationsandtrytodrawsome
hypothesesrelatedtouniversalsinclassifications(Beghtol,2008;LaBarre,2006;2010).
2.UNIVERSALCLASSIFICATIONSASALEGACY
“Renaissance2.0:ajourneythroughtheoriginsoftheWeb”isthenameofanexhibitioninthelittleBelgiumcity
Mons,whichgotworldpressattention.GoogleandtheMundaneum(thearchiveofPaulOtletandHenriLaFontaine)
partneredtogivetributetothe20thcentury“classifiersoftheworld”andalltheirancestors.Itisverytimelytolink
traditionsofknowledgeorganizationwithnewdigitalmethodsoflargescaleinformationprocessingasvisibleinsearch
engines,theWikipediaproject,Europeana,andtheWebof​Knowledge(Web3.0).Ourwork[5]drivesonthisspritwhile