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Introductionandmethodology
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legislativepowers,tothemediaorpressuregroups-maybringupon
themdisciplinarypunishment,removalfromofficeorevencriminal
prosecution.Forcenturiessocieties,whilstliberatingthemselvesfrom
thedoctrineofabsolutepower,strovetowardbuildingstrongandin-
dependentcourts.Thispurposeisservedbytheguaranteesofjudicial
independence,suchas:irremoveability,non-transferability,statutorily
regulatedcourtsystem,remunerationadequatetothedignityofoffice,
disciplinaryproceedingsorjudges'immunity.
Therefore,theessenceofjudges'independenceisdeterminedbyits
guarantees.Thepresentworkistoprovetheexistenceofanintimate
connection,acertainfeedbackrelation,betweenthejudges'indepen-
denceanditsguarantees.Withoutrealguarantees,theindependence
ofjudgesissuspendedinaninstitutionalvacuum.Thisdirectrelation-
ship,therefore,determinestheessenceofjudge'sindependence,which
cannotbelimitedonlytothesphereofruling-functionalpractice,the
so-calledcompetencecore.Independenceofthejudgeshasitsinstitu-
tional,personalandfunctionaldimension.
Thisworkemploysthehistorical-dogmaticresearchmethodtoana-
lyzetheshape,genesisandtransformationsoftheinstitutionofjudges'
independence,startingfromtheearlydaysofthePolishstatetocon-
temporarytimes.Thecontemporarypersonalstatusofajudgeisthe
consequenceofsystemtransformationsthathavetakenplaceoverthe
pastonehundredyears.Thepersonalpositionofjudgesevolvedfrom
thejudge-officialintheperiodofannexations,tojudge-submissive
PartymemberinthetimesofthePeople'sRepublicofPoland.Inthe
inter-warperiod,aregulationwasalsointroduced,pursuanttowhich
ajudgecouldberetired"intheinterestofthejudiciary".Thisheritage
hasimpresseditsmarknotonlyonthelegislativelayer,sinceasignificant
partofthesolutionsregardingthecourtsystemwasadoptedbyordinary
legislationafter1989,butaboveall-onthementalsphere.Tothisday
prevailsthewidespreadsocialimpressionwhichidentifiesjudgeswith
officialsandtheMinisterofJusticewiththehighestsuperiorchiefof
courts,whichismanifestedbytheexpandingsupervisoryprerogatives
oftheminister.Thecomparisonofvarioussystem-relatedandlegal
contextsuntiltheyear1989,aswellasdrawingonthepre-warsystem,
