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Preface:Onthesubjectandconceptsused
SozialeFragen),formulatesrelevantactionsandundertakesthem.Asocialproblem
isdefinedasasituationwheresocialneedsofagivenpopulationgrouparenotsat-
isfiedornotrespected,andthisreducesthepotentialfortheirdevelopmentandis
outsidetheircontrol.Italsodeterioratesthefunctioningoftheentiresocietydue
toabroadscaleoftheproblem.Aneńectivesocialpolicyactiondependsonsocial
acceptanceresultingfromtheunderstandingthatproblemsańectingagivengroup
requiresolidarityandsupport.
Telistofsocialproblemssubjecttopublicpoliciesinagivencountrydepends
onthecountry’sdevelopmentlevel,itssocialstructureandmodelofthewelfare
state.Numerousworksandorganizationsdefinethesocialproblemsofaspecific
placeandtime9.Classicalsocialproblemsincludeunemployment,poverty,poor
accesstoeducationandhealthcare,violencetowardschildrenandtheelderly,
alcoholismandotheraddictions,socialpathologies,poorlivingconditionsand
homelessness,andthedestructionofthenaturalenvironmentresultingindiseases
andemigration.Regulationsthatpreventsocialproblemsareaddressedtoauthor-
ities,employers,socialorganizations,andcommunitiesofcitizensandindividuals.
Europeancountriesapplyuniformstandardsforrespectingminimalsocialrights
thatenablethesatisfactionofneedsthat,fromthepointofviewofcivilization,
requirerespect,socialrecognitionandjointactionstoaddressthem.Simultaneously,
itisassumedthatthereisascopeofindividualresponsibility,whichisthefoun-
dationforthehumanfreedomtomakelifechoices.Tisprinciple,knownasthe
principleofsubsidiarity,inpracticemeansensuringanindispensablescopeoffree-
doms(andresponsibilities)beforerequestingorońeringhelpinsatisfyingneeds.
Discussionsinthebookalsoincludetheanalysisofinstitutionsindicating
diverseinterventionsatvariousstagesoflife,aswellasthechangesinaxiological
andorganizationalfoundationsthroughhistoricaltime.Teinstitutionaldimen-
sionpresentedinthisbookinvolvestheanalysisandassessmentofthesystem,
i.e.itsabilitytoavoidandpreventproblemsaswellastocombatandmitigatethem
whentheyoccur.Teassessmentofthecapabilityandabilityofinstitutionstoapply
integratedand/orcoordinatedapproachisaspecialdimensionofthisanalysis.
Teproblemofassessingthecapabilityandabilityofthegiveninstitutionto
realizesocialprogrammesthatarebasedonideasorrecognitionofsocialprob-
lems,isasubjectofdiscussioninwhatisknownastheinstitutionalcurrentof
sociology(Campbell2002;Beland2016;Morawski2010).Ineconomicsciences,
aninstitutionaldimensionofundertakenactionshasbeenrecognizedduetothe
worksofDouglasNorth10who,basedonhistoricalstudies,provedthatsuccesses
9Researchersofsocialproblemsalsoraisetheissueofdiferencesrelatedtointerpretationof
theconcept(e.g.amoreorlesssubjectiveapproach)withsystemsofvaluesprevailinginthe
societyorsimplytothoroughknowledge(andnotonlytomediainformation)ontheconditionsof
lifeofco-citizens.
10In1993DouglasNorthwasawardedaNobelPrizeineconomics.Heisrecognizedas
themainrepresentativeofnewinstitutionaleconomy.
