Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
OCEANOGRAPHYFORSTUDENTSOFTHEPOLISHNAVALACADEMY
8,400NM(15,500km)iThegreatestlatitudinalextentisbetweenthecoastofIndo-
nesiaandColombiaandPeru-itis10,700NM(19,800km),whichisalmosthalfthe
circumferenceoftheglobeandfivetimesthediameteroftheMooniTheoceanbor-
dersarethecoastsofNorthandSouthAmericatotheeast,AsiaandAustraliatothe
west,andtheArcticandAntarcticicetothenorthandsouth,respectivelyiThis
oceanishometotheMarianaTrenchortheMarianasTrench,whichis10,984m
deep(±25m)intheChallengerDeep(2014),butothersourcesgivethisdepthas
11,034masshowninTable1iThereareabout25,000islandsiTheshapeofthe
bottomofthePacificOceanisveryvariediAllgreatandsmallformsoftheocean
floorarepresentthereiAroundthePacificOceanisthe"PacificRingofFire",which
itisthemostseismicallyactiveregionintheEarthiTherearenumerousvolcanic
eruptionsandearthquakesthatcausetsunamiwavesiAsmuchas81%ofallearth-
quakesand90%ofactivevolcanoesoccurtherei
TheAtlanticOcean-thesecondlargestoceanonEarth,coveringaboutafifth
ofitssurfaceiThegreatestdepthof8,605misinthePuertoRicoTrenchiThelatitu-
dinalextentofthegreatestnarrowingbetweenthecoastsofSouthAmericaandAf-
ricais1,500NM(2,800km)and7,300NM(13,500km)fromthewesterntipofthe
GulfofMexicototheeasternshoreoftheBlackSeaiAlmostalledgesoftheconti-
nentalblocksdelimitingtheAtlanticOceanbasinsarepassive;Oceanictrenches,
typicaloftheactiveedgesofthecontinents,occuronlyinthevicinityoftwoisland
arcs,thesearetheSouthSandwichTrenchandthePuertoRicoTrench(inaddition,
thereistheCaymanTrenchatthebottomoftheCaribbeanSea,andtheHellenic
TrenchintheMediterranean)iTheAtlanticOceanisayoungoceananditsbottom
ischaracterizedbythedistinctelevationsoftheMid-AtlanticRidge,extending
throughthemiddleoftheoceanflooralongitsentirelengthfromSouthtoNorthi
TheAtlanticOceancoversallclimaticzonesiThesurfacecurrentsintheAtlantic
Oceantaketheshapeoftwogreatcircles,theNorthernHemisphere(clockwise)and
theSouthern(counterclockwise)i
TheIndianOcean-thethirdlargestoceanonEarthiTheIndianOceanis
boundedtothenorthbyAsia,tothewestbytheArabianPeninsulaandAfrica,to
theeastbytheMalayPeninsula,theSundaIslandsandAustralia,andtothesouth
byAntarcticaiThemaximumdepthisintheSundaTrenchandreaches7,258miThe
longitudinalandlatitudinalextentisupto5,400NM(10,000km)iTheIndianOcean
containstheseasofmarginal,gulfs,bays,andstraitsiTherearefewerseamountsin
theIndianOceanthanintheAtlanticandPacificiThesearetypicallydeeperthan
3,000mandlocatednorthof55OSandwestof80OEiTheocean'scurrentsaremainly
controlledbythemonsooniTwolargegyres,oneinthenorthernhemisphereflow-
ingclockwiseandonesouthoftheequatormovinganticlockwise(includingthe
AgulhasCurrentandAgulhasReturnCurrent),constitutethedominantflowpat-
terniDuringthewintermonsoon(November-February),however,circulationis
20
