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OCEANOGRAPHYFORSTUDENTSOFTHEPOLISHNAVALACADEMY
touchedpre-1953,asperthefirstandsecondeditions)nowabuttedatthemeridian
ofSouthEastCape,andthesouthernlimitsoftheGreatAustralianBightandthe
TasmanSeaweremovednorthwardsi
TheIHOreaddressedthequestionoftheSouthernOceaninasurveyin2000i
NounequivocalpositionhasbeenadoptedsofariTheSouthernOcean(theAntarctic
Ocean),asdelineatedbythedraft4theditionoftheInternationalHydrographicOr-
ganization'sLimitsofOceansandSeas(2002)ispresentedinFigure8iItisthemost
populargeographicrangeacceptedfortheSouthernOcean,generallyextending
southoflatitude60OStotheAntarcticcoasti
Characteristicofseaareas
Theseasarethepartsoftheoceanboundedbycontinents,islands,oreleva-
tionsontheseabediThehydrologicalrelationsoftheseasareclearlydifferentfrom
thegeneralhydrologicalrelationsoftheoceansiWedivideallseasintothreebasic
groupsdependingontheseparationfromtheocean:
•Inlandsea-locatedbetweentwolandmassifsandconnectedtothe
oceanthroughstraitsiThisgroupincludestheintercontinental(be-
tweencontinents)andintra-continental(locatedwithinoncontinent)
seasiTheintercontinentalseasinclude,forexample,theArcticSea,the
MediterraneanSea,theRedSea,andtheBlackSeaiAnexampleofan
intra-continentalseaistheBalticSeai
•OuterSea(alsocalledadjacentormarginal)-relativelynottoodeep
cuttingintothelandoradjacenttoit,separatedfromtheoceanbypen-
insulasandislandsorunderwaterelevationsofthebottomiSomeof
themconnecttotheoceanwithwidestraitsandhavethecharacterof
theopenseaiExamplesoftheseseasaretheJapanSea,theNorwegian
Sea,theNorthSea,theOkhotskSeaiSomeoftheseaareaswiththefea-
turesoftheouterseaarecalledbaysiExamplesaretheBayofBiscay,
theBayofBengali
•Inter-islandsea-surroundedbyislands,betweenwhichthereare
generallyshallowerdepthsandunderwaterelevationsiExamplesof
suchseasaretheJavaSea,theCelebesSea,theSuluSea,andothersi
ThenamesoftheseascomefromdifferentoriginsiSomenamesarerelatedto
thenamesofcountries(theNorwegianSea,theSeaofJapan,thePhilippineSea,etci),
geographicalnames(theNorthSea,theEastSiberianSea,etci),watercolor(Yellow
Sea,RedSea,BlackSea),surnamesofdiscoverers(theBarentsSea,theBeringSea,
theRossSea,etci)i
Abovetheoceansandseasintheworldocean,therearealsosmallermarine
areas,whicharecharacterizedbyseparatemorphologicalandgeologicalfeatures
andinclude:
•Bay-partoftheoceanorseathatcutsintothelandiBaycanbede-
scribedasarecessedwaterbody,partiallyenclosedbythelandand
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