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TransnationalSocialProtectionandtheRoleofDiplomaticNetworksofMigrant...
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Churches,migrantassociations,tradeunions,religiouscommunities,or
diasporaorganizations.29Thelatter,bottom-up,isbasedoninterpersonal
socialnetworksrelatedtofamily,friends,community,intra-ethniclinkages.30
Itbecomestransnationalwhenittakesplacewithinatransnationalspace.31
Thesetwodimensions,whosebordersareincreasinglyblurred,appearoften
assembledtogether.32
Withregardtoaccesstohealthcare,inparticular,itmakesagreatdifference
formigrantswhatistheinstitutionalsystemadoptedbytheCountrieswhere
theydecidetosettle.Fourbasichealthcaresystemsareidentified:the
Beveridgemodel;theBismarckmodel;theNationalHealthInsurancemodel;
andtheout-of-pocketmodel.33Wearesettoprovidesomeexamplesforthe
firstthreemodels,regardingmostlymigrant-receivingcountries.
Inthefirstmodel,healthcareisprovidedandfinancedbythegovernment
throughincometaxes.NamedaftertheBritishsocialreformerWilliam
Beveridge,itisoftencentralizedthroughanationalhealthservice.Ithasbeen
adoptedbySpain,mostofScandinavia,andtheUnitedKingdom,ofcourse.
ThemodelnamedafterthePrussianChancellorOttovonBismarck,who
introducedwelfarestateinGermanyinthelastdecadesofthe19thcentury,
usesaninsurancesystemusuallyfinancedjointlybyemployersandemployees
throughpayrolldeductions,butaimsatcoveringeverybody.Healthproviders
aregenerallyprivateinstitutions,thoughtheSocialHealthInsurancefunds
areconsideredtobepublic.Itisfoundalso,amongothercountries,inFrance
andSwitzerland.
TheNationalHealthInsurancemodel,adoptedforinstanceinCanada,makes
useofprivate-sectorproviders,butpaymentcomesfromagovernment-run
insuranceprogrammethateverycitizenpaysinto.Thebalancebetweenpublic
29
Cf.T.Faist,B.Bilecen,SocialInequalitiesThroughtheLensofSocialProtection…,op.cit.,pp.
282-293.
30
Cf.S.Castellani,F.Lagomarsino,IldibattitosullaProtezioneSocialeGlobale
eTransnazionale.Introduzione,uMondiMigranti”2019,n.3,p.32.
31
Cf.B.Bilecen,J.J.Sienkiewicz,InformalSocialProtectionNetworksofTransnationalSocial
Spaces,uPopulation,SpaceandPlace”2015,21(3),pp.227-243.
32
Cf.B.Bilecen,K.Barglowski,OntheAssemblagesofInformalandFormalTransnational
SocialProtection,uPopulation,SpaceandPlace”2015,21(3),pp.203-214.
33
Cf.M.Chung,Healthcarereform:learningfromothermajorhealthcaresystems,uPrinceton
PublicHealthReview”2017,https://pphr.princeton.edu/2017/12/02/unhealthy-health-
care-a-cursory-overview-of-major-health-care-systems/#:~:text=There%20are%20
four%20major%20models,out%2Dof%2Dpocket%20model[accessed:20April2021].
