Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
TransnationalSocialProtectionandtheRoleofDiplomaticNetworksofMigrant...
17
Embassiesaswellasgeneralandlocalconsulatescanbeconsideredasan
institutionalandformalpartoftheresourceenvironmentoftransnational
migrants.37Thesituation,however,mayvarywithregardtothekindof
activitiesallowedontheirterritorybythecountriesofsettlement,ontheone
hand,andtothekindofrelationshipsthatthecountriesoforigindecideto
establishwiththeiremigrantsabroad,ontheother.
Astothelatterissue,arecentstudyshowsthattheseattitudescanbe
classifiedintothreemaintypes,dependingonthedegreeofsupportoffered
bythecountryoforigintoitsemigratesaswellastothedegreeoftheir
involvementandrepresentationinhomepoliticalaffairs.38
DisinterestedandDenouncingStates,fallingintothefirsttype,treattheir
migrants,oftenconsideredasutraitorswhoabandonedthecause”
,asiftheyno
longerbelongedtotheirhomeland.Itisworthaddingthatsomecountries,even
today,eithertrytopreventmostemigration,asinthecaseofthecommuniststate
ofNorthKorea,orarestrictlyregulatinginternalandinternationalemigration,
asthePeople’sRepublicofChina,ruledbyacommunistpartytoo.39
Verydifferentisthesecondtypeofstates,definedasStrategicand
Selective.Theygetthislabelbecausetheyencouragesomeformsoflong-
distanceeconomicandpoliticalnationalism,whileatthesametimetheytry
toselectivelyandstrategicallymanagewhatimmigrantscanandcannotdo.
Amongothers,suchcountriesasIndia,thePhilippines,Haiti,andTurkeycanbe
includedintothissecondcluster,becausetheyallhavetriedtoobtainsupport
frompopulationsabroadwithoutgrantingfullparticipationintheirinternal
politicalactivities.
Athirdtype,maybethemostrelevantforouranalysis,isthatofTransnational
NationStates.40ItincludeschieflyLatinAmericanstates,suchasElSalvador,
theDominicanRepublic,andEcuador,whichconsidertheiremigrantsasfully-
37
Cf.P
.Boccagni,Addressingtransnationalneedsthroughmigration?Aninquiryintothereach
andconsequencesofmigrants’socialprotectionacrossborder,uGlobalSocialPolicy”2017,
17(2),pp.168-187;P
.Levitt,J.Viterna,A.Mueller,C.Lloyd,Transnationalsocialprotection...,
op.cit.,pp.2-19.
38
Cf.P
.Boccagni,J.-M.Lafleur,P
.Levitt,Transnationalpoliticsasculturalcirculation:Towards
aconceptualunderstandingofmigrantpoliticalparticipationonthemove,uMobilities”2016,
11(3),pp.444-463.
39
Cf.S.Castles,H.DeHaas,M.J.Miller,TheAgeofMigration…,op.cit.,p.297.
40
Cf.J.Itzigsohn,A‘TransnationalNation’?MigrationandtheBoundariesofBelonging,in:
PoliticsfromAfar,eds.T.Lyons,P
.Mandaville,ColumbiaUniversityPress,NewYork2012,
pp.181-196;N.GlickSchiller,G.Fouron,GeorgesWokeUpLaughing:LongDistance
NationalismandtheSearchforHome,DukeUniversityPress,Durham(NC)2001.
