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parasympatheticnervoussystemisstimulated,whichresultsinslowspeechwith
lowenergyinhighfrequencybands.Inaddition,thefactthatthesephysiological
effectsarequitecommonmeansthattherearecommontrendsregardingthe
acousticconditioningofunderlyingemotions(Cowie&Cornelius,2003).
Thedegreeofexpressivenessandemotionsinspeechisdifficulttodetermine
perceptuallyandacoustically.Itchangessmoothlyanddependsonthedegree
ofcontrolofthesituationbythespeaker(e.g.aggressioninthevoicecanget
completelyoutofcontrol),anatomicalandpsychophysiologicalfeaturesand
psychologicalconditions.
Non-linguisticfeaturesappearinginthespeechsignalareassociatedwith
twobasicconditions:a)physiologicalandanatomical(thewayofarticulation,
pathology,physiologicalfeaturesresultingfromageorgender,external
conditions)andb)uncontrolledpsychologicalandneuropsychological.
Forcomplexevaluationofconvergencebetweeninterlocutorsitisnecessary
toanalysesourcesofspeechvariabilityinconversationondifferentlevels:
1)physiologicalandneurophysiological,2)linguistic,3)psycholinguisticand
neurolinguistic(Demenko,2015).
1)Physiologicalandneurophysiologicallevel.Thecomplexfunctions
oftherespiratorysystemandarticulatorysystemandphysiologydirectly
shapethestructureofspeech.Therangeofvariabilityofsegmentaland
suprasegmental
parameters
at
this
level
is
determined
by:
a)physiologicallyandanatomicallyconditionedfeatures,b)external,
short-termorpermanentenvironmentalfactors.
a)Physiologicallyandanatomicallyconditionedfeatures:
Height,weight,age,biomechanicalfeaturesofthespeechorgan,
gender.Speechsignalfeaturesresultingfromtheaboveconditionsare
consideredratherstable,e.g.theinfluenceofheight,weight,age,
genderofthespeakeronthefundamentalfrequencyhasbeen
confirmedbymanyresearchers(Schuller,etal.,2013).Someauthors
havefoundthelisteners'perceptiveabilitytoestimatespeaker'sheight
andweight(Ey,Pfefferle,&Fischer,2007)basedonshortutterances.
Articulationhabits.Theyoccurmainlyinrelationtotheuseof
aspecificrangeofchangesintheF0parameterorspecificintonation
patterns,butalsotovoicing,reductionofconsonantclusters,
characteristicarticulationofsomesounds.Theymaybeconditioned
bythevoiceorgananatomyorfactorsincludingpsycholinguisticand
sociolinguisticcontext.
Hormonalchanges.Rapidvoicechangesduringadolescenceofboth
boysandgirlsareevidenceoftheeffectofsexhormonesonthevoice
organandphysiologicallyjustified(Hacki&Heitmüller,1999).
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