Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
3)Psycholinguisticandneurolinguisticlevel.Ithaslongbeenknownthat,
regardlessofthecontentofthespeech,thevoiceconveyssignificant
informationaboutthespeaker,andthatlistenerscanuseittoassessthe
characteristicsofthespeaker.Oneofthistypeofinformationisto
determinetheindividualityofthespeaker,whichisthemostbasiccause
ofvariationinthespeechsignal.Personalityisusuallyassessedinfive
dimensions(knownastheBigFive):extraversion/introversion,
emotionalstability/instability,agreeableness/lackofagreeableness,
conscientiousness/dishonesty,openness/lackofopenness(Gosling,
Rentfrow,&SwannJr.,2003).Atthepsychologicallevel,aspectsof
expressionsuchascharisma,dominance,changeofpointofview,
subjectivity,certainty/uncertaintyofthespeakerarealsoexamined.The
speaker'spersonalityalsohasasignificantimpactontheproducedverbal
structure.Experimentscarriedoutinrecentyearsshowthatacoustic,
speciallyprosodicdeterminantsassociatedwithpersonalitytraitscanbe
consideredratherconstant(Mairesse&Walker,2006).
Dependingonthesituation,thespeakeradjuststhestyleofspeech,uses
specificvocabulary,reducesorincreasesthedynamicsofconversation.An
interestingpointofviewfromwhichlanguagecommunicationisconsideredis
presentedbycognitivegrammar,emphasizingtheroleofthesituation,whichis
directlyreflectedinspeech:"DeSaussure’sdivisionintolanguage,langue,
paroleandtextceasestomatter.Theseconceptsareinfactacontinuum:both
textandspeakingintermsofcognitivescientistsaretreatedasprocessual
discourse,orcommunicationevent;thisconceptincludestheentiretyofagiven
actofcommunication,i.e.bothspecificverbalization,i.e.text,andnon-linguistic
factors,inparticularaspecificsituationoflanguageuseandparticipantsofthe
actofcommunication"(Dubisz,Bartol-Jarosińska,1999:61).Therefore,itisvery
importanttobeawareofthesituationalcontextinwhichwespeak,which
significantlydeterminesthecommunicationbehaviourofthesenderandrecipient
ofinformation.Speechoftenrevealsuncontrolledrelationshipsbetween
interlocutors,experiences,knowledge,and,aboveall,emotionsandintentions.
Oneofthenecessaryfactorstobeexaminedisthenthespeaker'sdegreeof
controloverthesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves.Thefactthatanutterance
canbecompletelycontrolled,partlyorcompletelyuncontrolledhasa
fundamentalimpactonthelexicalandsemanticorganisationofthephraseand
sentence,andismostevidentinitsphonetic-acousticstructure.Strongnervous
stimulation(exam,publicspeech,lifethreatening)dependsontheindividual
personality,situationalcontext.Asaresultoftheseconditions,inaccurate,fast
speechoftenarises,therearenumerouslanguageerrorsatalllevelsofgrammar,
inadditionnon-elasticelementsappearinthespeechsignal(e.g.,pauses,
physiologicalnoises).Attheneuropsychologicallevel,theprocessesinthe
13
