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centralnervoussystemresponsibleforproperunderstandingandinterpretationof
receivedinformationarenotwellunderstood.
2.2.
Speakervariability
Methodologicalandtechnicalproblemsofspeechprocessinginconversationalso
concern,amongothers,parametrisationoftimevariabilityofindividualspeaker’s
features.Characteristicsofsegmentalandsuprasegmentalspeechtraitsaremost
oftenreferredtoasa)long-,b)medium-andc)short-term,(Schuller,etal.,2013;
Demenko,1999).
1)Long-term.Biologicalconditionsrelatedtoheight,weight,age,gender
ofthespeakerareconsideredrelativelystable.Inaddition,language
habitsresultingfromsocialbelonging,education,dialect,personality,
specificarticulationhabits,idiosyncraticprosodicstructurescontribute
tothedeterminationofrelativelyeffectivecharacteristicsofthespeaker
(Walton&Orlikoff,1994).
2)Medium-term.Featurescausedbymoreorlesstemporaryhealth
conditions,e.g.drowsiness(Krajewski,Batliner,&Golz,2009),
intoxication,e.g.alcohol(Mullennix,Pisoni,&Martin,1989;Schiel,
Heinrich,&Barfüsser,2012),generalhealth(Maier,etal.,2009),mood
(Ellgring&Scherer,1996)areusuallytransient.
3)Short-term.Mostoftenassociatedwithtemporarychangesinthemanner
ofexpression,causedbye.g.emotions(Schuller,Steidl,&Batliner,,
2009),
stress
(Bou-Ghazale
&
Hansen,
1996),
uncertainty
(Litman,Rotaru,&Nicholas,2009),politeness(Yildirim,Lee,Lee,
Potamianos,&Narayanan,2005),frustration(Lee,Narayanan,&
Pieraccini,2001),sarcasm(Rankin,etal.,2009),physicalailments
(Cowin,Davies,Estall,Berlin,&Hoot,2003),areunstable,butcause
significant,temporary,specificsegmentalandsuprasegmentalchanges.
Theso-calledintra-speakervariabilitymayresultthenfromanumberof
factors,includingprocessesrelatedtothechangeofvoiceduringtheday,various
short-andlong-termpathologies,andageing(i.e.dynamicchangesinthe
configurationofthevocaltrackanditsproperties),fromemotionsorstress,
causingchangesinaccentandintonation,alsofromlanguagecompetences
relatedtothespeaker'suseofspecificgrammaticalstructures.Thephysical
propertiesofspeechsoundsareafunctionoftheage,genderofthespeaker,voice
effort,aswellasseveraladditionalfactorsrelatedtothepersonalityandmental
stateofthespeaker.Therefore,thediversityofspeechstructuresinconversation
isinfluencedbyanumberofinteractivesourcesofvariation,suchas:
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