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tocommunicatepolitely,kindlyandeffectivelywitheachotheronacollaborative
basis.Itis,ofcourse,knownthattherearetypesofcommunicationthatarenot
basedonmutualunderstandingandcooperationbutonintentionalavoidance,
conflictandaggression.Inthesecases,speakersmayintentionallyrefusemutual
cooperation.Thespeakeralsoadaptstothelanguagecompetenceandintellectual
abilitiesofthelistener,dynamicallychangesthewayofspeaking,chooses
expressionsthataremostlikelytobecorrectlyunderstoodandaccepted.Thegoal
istoimprovecommunicationbasedonthebeliefsthatthespeakerhasabouttheir
listenere.g.beliefintherecipient'slanguageincompetencemaymakethesender
speakmoreslowlyandclearlyoruselesscomplexsyntax(asinthecaseofanon-
nativeoruneducatedrecipient).
Thephenomenonofinteractionbetweenspeakershasbeenwellknownfor
yearsinpsycholinguistics,communicationandbroadlyunderstoodcognitive
sciences.Thestudyofthisphenomenonhasitssourceinthetheoryof
accommodation(CAT-CommunicationAdaptationTheory),whosemain
assumptionisthefactthatconversationisinterpersonaldynamicadaptive
exchangeofinformationonlinguistic,paralinguisticandnon-linguisticlevels
(Giles,2008).Intheground-breakingworkTheoryofAccommodationGiles
definesaccommodationasalinguistictacticinwhichtheinterlocutorsmatch
eachotherwithalltherichnessoflanguagestrategiesbymodifyingthewayof
speakingondifferentlevels,amongothers,phoneticlevel,e.g.thepitch,speech
rate,pausesandpronunciation(Giles,2008;Giles,Coupland,&Coupland,
1991).Speakerscanadapttheirlexicon(Pickering&Garrod,2004),the
grammaticalandsyntacticstructureofutterances(Cleland&Pickering,2003),
pronunciation(Babel&Bulatov,2011)andtheirprosodicpatterns(Natale,1975;
Levitan&Hirschberg,2011).Theyhavebeenshowntodisplaysimilarfacial
expressions(Hess&Blairy,2001)andmimicgesturesandbodyposturesand
movements(Shockley,Richardson,&Dale,2009).Itislabelledwithvarious
terms,mostoftenasaccommodation,butalso:coordination,influence
(Jaffe&Feldstein,1970),alignment(Pickering&Garrod,2004),convergence
(Giles,
Coupland,
&
Coupland,
1991;
Pardo,
2006),
synchrony
(Edlund,Heldner&Hirschberg,2009),entrainment(Brennan,1996),adaptation
(Burgoon,etal.,2002),chameleoneffect(Chartrand&Bargh,1999),mimicry
(Pentland,2008).Motherese(Fernald,etal.,1989)hasalsobeenusedtodescribe
speakers’accommodationwhentalkingtochildrenorforeigners(Smith,2007)
whentalkingtonon-nativespeakers.
Inthismonograph,thetermaccommodationisusedinageneralway,
addressingalltypesofaccommodationanddefinedasthewayspeakersadjust
theirspeechtotheinterlocutor,adaptingordifferentiatingit.Thespeaker
constantly,dynamicallyevaluatesandverifiestheirbeliefsabouttheirown
languageknowledgeandthecompetenceoftheinterlocutoratdifferentlevelsto
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