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1.Culturalinfluenceontheusa
geofdiminutives
bytheEnglishandthePoles
Teuseofdiminutivesbythespeakersofaparticularlanguageisstrictly
relatedtotheirculture.Itreflectstheirculturalvalues,views,andpatternsof
behaviour,as,accordingtoLockyer(2012:21),uatthecoreofdiminutiveslies
adeeplyembeddedculturalworldview”.
1.1Teproblemofthedefnitionofculture
Bednarczyk(2002:5)definescultureasallthingswhicharetheresultofthe
collectiveactivityofsocieties.Itiseverythingthatwasacquired,learnt,and
producedbypeopleincontrastwitheverythingthatwasbiologicallyinherited.
Originally,thetermwasusedtorefertofarming,later,metaphorically,toother
spheresofman’sactivity.Inthe19thcenturythetermculturewassynonymous
withthetermcivilisation.Later,civilisationbegantomeanthefinancialachieve-
mentsofasociety,whereasculture—thespiritualones.Inthe20thcenturycul-
turewasconsideredtobeasystemofpatternsofbehaviourcharacteristicof
agivensociety.
Hofstedeetal.(2010:6)provideevenmoremoderndefinitionofculture,
whichisdescribedasuthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindthatdistin-
guishesthemembersofonegrouporcategoryofpeoplefromothers”,whereas
nationalcultureisdefinedasuthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindacquired
bygrowingupinaparticularcountry”(Hofstedeetal.2010:520).Following
SingelisandBrown(1995:355),Bogdanowska-Jakubowska(2010:262)explains
thatucultureafectsthedevelopmentofanindividual’spsychologicalmake-up,
which,inturn,afectscommunicationbehavior”.
