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andGalway.In1880,theQueen’sUniversityofIrelandwassubstituted
bytheRoyalUniversityofIrelandwhich,similarlytotheUniversityof
London,awardeddegreestostudentsoftheaffiliatedcolleges(Vernon,
2004,pp.35-37).
ThethirdstageinthedevelopmentofBritishuniversitieswasthees-
tablishmentoftheso-calledcivicuniversities,6mainlyinlargercities,
duringtheyears1900-1909,andthen-exceptfortheUniversityofRead-
ing(1926)-duringtheyears1948-1957.Apartfromtheuniversitiesin
Manchester(1903),Liverpool(1903),andLeeds(1904),whichregained
autonomyafterthedissolutionoftheVictoriaUniversity,threeuniversi-
tieswerecreatedinBirmingham(1900),Sheffield(1905),andBristol
(1909).During1940sand1950s,fiveotherhighereducationproviders
weregranteduniversitystatus.Amongthem,universitiesinNottingham
(1948)andHull(1954)remainimportantnowadaysintermsoftheirac-
tivityinthefieldofpoliticalstudies.Inthisway,ahierarchicalsystem
wascreatedwiththemostprestigiousuniversitiesofOxford,Cambridge
andLondon,andcityuniversitiesenjoyingahigherstatusthantechnical
orteachertrainingcolleges(R.D.Anderson,1992,p.21).Itexplains,
atleastinpart,why,foralongtime,politicalresearchersofthemain
academiccentreswerereluctanttoadmitemployeesofpolytechnicsas
membersofthePSA.
Thesubsequent,fourthstageinthedevelopmentofuniversityeduca-
tioninGreatBritainwascloselyrelatedtothemostfar-reachingreform
oftheBritishhighereducationinthe20thcentury,triggeredbythedevel-
opmentofareportin1961-1963bythegovernmentcommitteechaired
byLordLionelRobbins.Althoughtheestablishmentofnewuniversities
followedfromtheimplementationofreportrecommendations,thedeci-
siontofoundsevennewuniversitieshadbeentakenattheendofthe
1950s.Thus,whenthereportwaspublished,31highereducationpro-
vidersinGreatBritainhaduniversitystatus(Robbins,1963,p.22).To-
wardstheendofthedecade,theirnumbersoaredto45(Deem,Hillyard,
Reed,2007,p.38).Someofthenewacademiccentrescreatedatthetime
werereferredtoasplate-glassuniversities,withcampuses,unlikethose
ofcivicuniversities,locatedoutsidebigcities.Afewoftheuniversities
establishedinthe1960saretoday’sleadingpoliticalresearchcentres,
6Owingtotheirarchitecture,theuniversitiesarealsoreferredtoasredbrickuni-
versities(Whyte,2015).
.
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