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includingtheUniversityofYork(1963),UniversityofWarwick(1965),
andespeciallytheUniversityofEssex(1965),whoserepresentatives
weretobecomethekeyinitiatorsofthemethodologicalrevolutioninthe
early1970s.
Thefollowingdecadedidnotseetheestablishmentofanynewuni-
versities.Inthe1980s,universitystatuswasgrantedtotwoexisting
highereducationproviders.Thefifthstageofdevelopmentdidnotstart
untilthe1990s.TheFurtherandHigherEducationActadoptedin1992
forEnglandandWalesand,separately,forScotland,alteredthesystem
offinancingofhighereducationproviders.However,itsmostfar-reach-
ingconsequencewasthecreationofnewuniversities,mainlythrough
theprocessofconversionof35existingpolytechnics,whatbecamepos-
sibleunderthenewlegislation.Inconsequence,in1997asmanyas115
highereducationprovidershaduniversitystatus,includingthoseform-
ingpartoffederaluniversitiesinWalesandLondon7(Dearing,1997,
p.41).Attheendofthedecade,88institutionshelduniversitystatus.
Newuniversitieswereestablishedintheaftermathofdevolutioninthe
UnitedKingdomafter1998andtransferofthepowerofshapinginde-
pendenteducationalpolicytoScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland,as
wellasthegeneralliberalizationofthepolicy.Amendmentstothelaws
onhighereducation,adoptedin1998and2004,introduceduniversity
tuitionfeesandreplacedtheexistingsystemofstudentgrantswithan
extendedsystemstudentloans.8In2004,theMinistryofEducationper-
mittedhighereducationprovidersinEnglandandWaleswithtaughtde-
greeawardingpowerstoapplyfortherighttousetheword“university”
intheirtitle,andabolishedtherequirementofholdingresearchdegree
awardingpowersforthatpurpose.Asaresult,during2001-2009as
manyas49newuniversitieswereestablished,someofthemthrough
7CollegescomprisingtheUniversityofLondonstartedtogainmoreautonomyin
1993,when-undertheActof1992−theirmodeloffinancingchangedfromreceiv-
ingfundsthroughtheUniversityofLondontobeingfinanceddirectlyfrompublic
funds.
8Tuitionfeeswereintroducedfollowingtherecommendationsincludedinthere-
portdraftedin1997bythespecialgovernmentcommissionchairedbyRonaldDear-
ing(Dearing,1997).In1999,theLabourPartycabinetintroducedatuitionfeeof
£1,000.In2006,itwasraisedto£3,000(Hussey,Smith,2010,pp.10-12),whilein
2010theConservative-LiberalDemocratcoalitiongovernmentraiseditsupperlimit
to£9,000.Inthe2017/2018academicyear,almostalluniversitiesmadeadecisionto
raisethetuitionfeeto£9,250(Havergal,2016).
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