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Alienacjazkultury—
dylematyinterpretacyjne
Naprzykładziestaregoobrzędu
HannaKowalska‑Stus
ABSTRACT:AfterG.W.F.Hegel’sThePhenomenologyofSpiritandLudwigFeuerbach’sThe
EssenceofChristianity,theissueofalienationisconsideredtobeasignificantobjectofstudy.
Sociology1whichattemptstodominatestudiesonthisconcept1isadisciplinewhichrather
single-mindedlyinterpretsthephenomenarootedinthereligiousreality,andoneshouldnotrely
solelyonitsanalyses.Bythesametoken,semioticsshouldbetreatedwithsimilardistrust,even
thoughtheimpactofOldBelieversonthedevelopmentofRussiancultureiswidelyemphasisedin
theworksofRussiansemioticians.Thereasonforthatstemsfromtheclaimforbeingauniversal
method1whichhenceisforcedtorefertoauniversalobject1thatsemioticshasshared;the
mentionedobjecthasbeenculture.Theideaofsubsumingphenomenaofdifferentcategories
underacommondenominatorinthecourseofinterpretationhasledtoasituationinwhichthe
semioticmeanshaveturnedtobebutmetaphors,eventhoughsemioticianshavearguedfortheir
ontologicalstatues.Preciselythisaspectshouldbenoted,asitprovesthatsemiotics1withits
universalistclaims1appearstoblurtheboundariesbetweensociologicalstratum,andtheone
orientedtowardsphilosophyandtheology.
FromthepointofviewexpressedbyOrthodoxChristianity,thetruetragicalienationrelies
notonthedistanceseparatingonefromcultureandsociety,butratherontheonewhichdetaches
onefromGod1thecreatorofbeing.ThecaseofOldBelieversexemplifiesaconvolutedsitua-
tion,astheboneofcontentionhasbeenprovidedbyliturgy,whichis,inotherwords,thespace
inwhichahumanbeingencountersGod.If,therefore,thisissueisrelatedtoculture,thenitis
sopreciselythroughitsmetaphysicalaspect.Neithersociologynorphilosophy1andevennot
semiotics,recentlywithdrawingfromculturalstudies,whichitusedtodominate1hasbeen
capableofinterpretingthephenomenonofOldBelieversasthoroughlyastheologyandhistory
ofChurch.Relyingonthescientistmethodology,theformergroupofdisciplineshasnotincluded
suchsignificantaspectsofthecultureofOrthodoxChristianityasanthropology,dogmatics,state
theology,orliturgics.Withoutthoseaspects,anyattemptwhichaimsatexplainingtheissueof
OldBelievershappenstobeinaccurate.
KEYWORDS:OldBelievers,RussianOrthodoxChristianity,methodologyofculturalstudies,
medievalstudies,semioticsofculture
ZjawiskoalienacjiodczasówFenomenologiiduchaHeglaiIstotychrześ‑
cijaństwaLudwigaFeuerbachastałosięważnymprzedmiotembadańdwóch
