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A.Jaworska,D.Apanel(red.),SocialRehabilitation,CareandEducationinPostmodernWorld,Kraków2009
ISBN:978-83-7850-380-4,©byOficynaWydawnicza„Impuls”2009
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Part1.Theoreticalbackground
imprisonment,whichmayasaresultsuggestthatimprisonmentitselfisthemost
effectiveformofpunishment.Ontheotherhand,theuseofthephrase(alterna-
tive’maybecomesomesortofapromiseofdecongestioninpenitentiaryunits,
apromisethatinpresentconditionscannotbekept.
Wecanexpectthatpenaltieslikeheavyfine,compulsorysociallabour,resi-
dentialsupervisionormandatorytreatmentwouldbeapplied,inthebeginning
atleast,exclusivelytopersonseitherconditionallyreleasedfromapartofimpris-
onmentsentenceorthosewithsuspendedpunishment.
Inordertobridgethegapbetweenunconditionalimprisonmentandtheac-
tionsundertakeninthecaseofprobation,asystemofintermediatepenalties,
appropriateforourpresentcircumstances,shouldbedesignedandimplemented.
Whyintermediatepenaltiescannotbecalledintermediatesanctions?Where-
asinsocialreceptionpunishmentistantamounttoimprisonment,intermediate
sanctionswouldbeassociatedwithaslightlymorelenientformofactiontaken
againstanoffenderwhoviolatedlaw.Intermediatepenaltiescannotthusbecome
somethingextraordinaryandlesssevere.heyneedtoconstituteaseparateele-
mentofthesystemofmeasuresofpenalrepressionwithintheirownright.
hepunishmentshouldbeinevitable.heoffendercannotescapesuffering,
constraintandlibertyrestrictions.hereductionoffreedomrightsmay,how-
ever,takeplacenotonlyintheconditionsofprisonisolationbutalsowithinthe
contextofsomesocialinteractionofadifferentkind.
Nevertheless,itneedstobestressedthatanyoffenceagainstlawshouldresult
intoughsanctions,forexampleimprisonmentorintermediatepenalties.None
ofthefollowingiseligiblehere:
capitalpunishment,whichisnotaimedattheoffender’sreformationand
fulfilsonlytheeliminatingfunction;
stigmatizingpenalty,whichcausesdisgrace;
corporalpunishment(e.g.flogging),whichbringsdisgracenotsomuchto
theoffenderbutrathertothesocietyadvocatingit.
hehumblecollectionofprobationmeasures(conditionalreleasefromserv-
ingthefullsentence,conditionalstayofthecarryingoutofasentenceandcondi-
tionaldiscontinuanceoflegalproceedings)inoperationinPolandatthemoment
doesnotallowtosuccessfullyeliminatethenegativeconsequencesofimprison-
mentandatthesametimepreventfromrecidivism.
Forsomeoffenderstheveryfactofformalaccusationorarecordincourtfiles
maybeasufficientpenalty.Forothersitistheproceduresinvolvedinthecourt
trialandthefeespaidtolawyers.heuncertaintyandfearconnectedwiththe
actofaccusationandsentencingcanbesoharshthatfrequentlythesentenceof
punishment(withouttheabilityofprobation)becomestoohighaburdenforthe
offender.
Howtodifferentiatebetweenaproperlyformedandadjudicatedintermediate
sentenceandstandardprobation?Insomecasesitcanbeverydifficult.However,