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CANSMOGMAKEUSUNHAPPY?…
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otherpersonalvariablesanditemsrelatedtoairpollution,inordertoavoidthe
confoundingeffectsofotherquestionsonreportedSWB.Forthesamereason,
theinitialexplanationofthestudypurposedidnotrefertoenvironmentalquality.
FiveSWBitems,representing3distincttheoreticalapproaches,wereincluded3:
-EudaimonicSWB:Meaning,Purpose,measuredwitha5-pointDailyMeaning
Scale(Stegeretal.2008)
-ExperientialSWB:Happy_5,Anxious,measuredwithtwo5-pointitems,
adaptedfromtheUKOfficeforNationalStatistics(Oguzetal.2013)
-EvaluativeSWB:LS,measuredwiththewell-establishedLifeSatisfaction
itemona0-10scale(seee.g.ESS2016)
TheperceivedAP(AQ_today)isderivedfromthequestion“Howwouldyou
ratethelevelofAPinyourneighbourhoodtoday?”,assessedona5-pointLikert
scale.Asetofpersonalcharacteristicswasincludedinthesurveytoprovideex-
planatoryvariablesfortheSWBfunction,drawingontheresultsofearlierlocal-
isedAP-SWBstudies(MacKerronandMourato2009;Levinson2012,Orruet
al.2016;Zhangetal.2017;Duetal.2018).Allsurveyvariablesincludedinthe
furtheranalysisarepresentedinTable2.
Table1.Repeatedcross-sectionalCATIandexogenousPM
2.5levels
Round
08-April
10-April
16-April
PM2.524hconcentration
[μg/m3]
[%ofthe3-month
average]
55.5
263%
13.7
65%
22.5
107%
[%ofWHO24h
guidelines]
222%
55%
90%
PM_ord
3(high)
1(low)
2(medium)
Source:owncalculationsbasedondatafromthePolishInspectorateofEnvironmentalProtection
3.3.ObjectiveAPdata
APdataisretrievedfromtheurbanbackgroundmonitoringstationlocated
inTargówek,apartofthepublicmonitoringnetworkmanagedbythePolish
InspectorateofEnvironmentalProtection.Alltherespondentsarelocatedwithin
a5kmradiusfromthestation,whichguaranteesarelativelygoodfitbetween
themeasured5kmAPandtheactualexposure(conventionally,a40kmradius
isused,see:Zhangetal.2017).Fromasetofpollutantsmeasuredatthestation,
thePM
2.5wasselectedfor2reasons:(1)itisthemajorhealthburdeninWarsaw,
responsibleforover80%ofallmortalitycasesrelatedtoAP;(2)over90%ofthe
populationweightedexposuretoPM
2.5isderivedfromtherelativelyuniformly
distributedsources,i.e.residentialcombustionandexternalinflow(Holnickiet
al.2017).Thelatterfeatureisusedtojustifytheassumptionofidenticalexposure
ofallrespondentsofagivensurveyround.TheobjectiveAPwascalculatedas
ameanconcentrationofPM
2.5recordedinTargówekover24hourspriortothe
completionofagivensurveyround,andtransformedtoa3-pointordinalvariable
3ForatheorybehindthesethreeapproachestoSWB,seee.g.OECD2013,Stiglitzetal.2018.
