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CANSMOGMAKEUSUNHAPPY?…
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wellbeing,accountingforclimatechange(SekulovaandvandenBergh2013),
noisepollution(VanPraagandBaarsma2005),accesstogreenspaces(Yuanetal.
2018),andAP(seeLietal.2018forareview).
TheAP-SWBrelationshiphasrecentlyemergedasthekeyresearchfocusof
theenvironmentally-orientedSWBstudies,andseveralgeneraltrendscanbenow
discerned.Firstly,studiesusingthenational-andregional-leveldata(Breretonet
al.2008;WelschandKühling2009;Luechinger2010)arebeingreplacedby
morespatiallydisaggregatedanalysesthataccountforaheterogenousandlocal-
iseddistributionofAP(MacKerronandMourato2009;Orruetal.2016;Zhang
etal.2017;Duetal.2018;Laffan2018).ThisentailsmatchingAPexposure
attheindividuallevel,relyingeitheronmodelledgridestimatesofmeanAP
levels(MacKerronandMourato2009;Orruetal.2016),oronlinkingrespon-
dents’locationtothenearestmonitorstation(Levinson2012;Zhangetal.2017;
Barrington-LeighandBehzadnejad2017).Secondly,thedominantapproachof
usingthelong-termexposurehasbeenshowntoinduceendogeneity(Barrington-
LeighandBehzadnejad2017)andhabituationbias(Levinson2012).Thus,anew
approachhasemerged,providingtentativeevidencefortheimmediatenegative
effectofshort-termvariationsinAPonindividual-levelSWB(Zhangetal.2017;
Duetal.2018).ThemaingeographicalfocusofAP-SWBstudieshasswitched
fromtheWesternEuropeandNorthAmericatowardsChina.CentralandEastern
Europeremainssignificantlyunderstudieddespiteitsexcessivelevelsofpollu-
tion;theonlysub-nationalstudyinthisregionhasbeenconductedinEstonia,
whereAPisratherlow(Orruetal.2016).
Despitetherelativelywell-establishednegativeimpactofAPonSWB,there
arestillsomesignificantgaps.Firstly,theAP-SWBrelationshipdependson
thetypeofSWBmeasureemployed,withamajorityofstudiesreferringtolife
satisfactiononly(DolanandLaffan2016).Thisrelationshipmay,howeversig-
nificantlyvarywithregardtoparticularSWBapproaches(Laffan2018).Forin-
stance,Guetal.(2015)foundthatshort-termAPexposureleadstoanactual
increaseineudaimonicSWB.TheydrawontheMeaningMaintenanceModel
tohypothesisethatifexposuretotoxichazeisaviolationofone’sworldview-
basedexpectation(e.g.livinginahealthyenvironment),thenitmightinduce
individualstoreaffirmthemeaningoftheirlife,inordertocompensateforthe
potentialloss.Secondly,themechanismunderlyingtheAP-SWBrelationshipis
unclear(Laffan2018).DrawingonMacKerronandMourato(2009)andOrruet
al.(2018),2possiblepathwayscanbedistinguished:(1)throughhealth,even
withoutbeingconsciousaboutthecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenhealth
andenvironmentalquality,or(2)throughawarenessofpollutionanditsconse-
quences,whichmayreduceindividuals’SWBdirectlyandindependentlyofthe
healtheffects.ItisthereforecrucialtodisentangletheperceivedAP-objective
APrelationshipanditsimpactonSWB.Onlyahandfulofstudiesapproached
thistopicdirectly,andtheresultsaremixed.MacKerronandMourato(2009)
foundthatindividuals’perceptionsofAParepositivelycorrelatedwithobjective
AP;toavoidcollinearity,theyconstructedseparatemodelsconfirmingthatboth
thesevariablesaresignificantpredictorsofwellbeing,butsimultaneouslyfailed
