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60StudiesonEmotioninLanguageEducation:Applicationof000
mayinfluencestudentmotivationtointeractwithlearningcontentincreativeways.
Finally,bearinginmindthatlearningaforeignlanguageisinextricablyboundwith
experiencingnegativeemotionssuchastension,worryornervousness,itseemsrea-
sonablethatteachersneedtohelptheirstudentsdiscoverandtakeadvantageofpos-
itiveemotionsassociatedwithlearning,therebyleadingtothecreationofstrategies
thatfuelpsychologicalresilienceandtheabilitytorecoverfromstressfulsituations.
Fredricksonclaimsthatuthroughexperiencesofpositiveemotions[peoplebecome]
morecreative,knowledgeable,resilient,sociallyintegratedandhealthyindividuals”
(Fredrickson,2004,p.1369).Teabilitytoresolvestressfulsituationsthroughresil-
ienceandpositiveemotionshasbeenaptlycomparedtoresilientmetalsthattendto
bendandbounceback,ratherthanbreakwhenexposedtopressure(Lazarus,1993).
Seligman’swell-beingtheorywasappliedinforeignlanguageeducationstudiesby
OxfordandCuellar(2014)andOxford,PachecoAcuña,SollsHernández,andSmith
(2014)toanalyseandexplainhistoriesofsuccessfulandproficientlanguagelearners.
Teresearchexaminedthewaysinwhichparticipantsovercamelearningobstacles
aswellasinvestigatedpeaklanguagelearningexperiences,whichweredefinedas
temporarybutpowerfulmomentsofpersonalachievement.Itwasdiscoveredthat
alargenumberoflearnersdealtwithlearningdilcultiesprimarilyviainteracting
withteachersandotherstudents,whichseemstoemphasisethesignificanceofsocial
factorsincreatingandmaintainingpositiveemotion,aswellastheimportance
oftheteacher’sresponsibilitytoprovidewell-structuredfeedback.Inaddition,it
wasfoundthatthestudyparticipantsreportedexperiencingpeakmomentsnotas
aresultofasetgoal,butratherasasideefectofmeaningfulinvolvement.
WhileagreeingthatthePERMAmodelishelpfulinunderstandinglearnerwell-being,
Oxfordclaimsthatamoreelaboratesystemisneededtocapturethecomplexityofthe
phenomenoninforeignlanguageeducationstudies.SheproposestheEMPATHICS
model,whichoutlinesthedimensionsthatarenecessaryforhumanwell-beingand
contributetothelearner’sachievementandproficiency(Oxford,2016a):
E:emotionandempathy
M:meaningandmotivation
P:perseverance,includingresilience,hope,andoptimism
A:agencyandautonomy
T:time
H:hardinessandhabitsofmind
I:intelligence
C:characterstrengths
S:selffactors(self-elcacy,self-concept,self-esteem,andself-verification)
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