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70ForeignLanguageClassroomAnxietyandForeignLanguage000
Researchhasshownthatbothphenomenamaybelinkedwithanumberoflearn-
er-internalandteacher-relatedvariables.Examplesoflearner-internalvariables
includetheageofonsetofforeignlanguageacquisition,authenticuseoftheFLdur-
ingthelearningphase,thefrequencyofcurrentFLuseoftheFL,andthedegreeof
FLsocialisation(Dewaele,2013),andgender,althoughstudiesremaininconclusive
inthisarea(Kitano,2001;Arnaiz&Guillén,2012;Kiński,2020).Teacher-related
factorsafectingstudentFLEandFLCAlevelsincludethefollowing:thefrequency
ofFLuse,competence,classroommanagementstrategies,timedevotedtopracti-
cingvariousskills,methodsofgivingfeedback,teacherpredictability,andchoiceof
teachingmaterials(Dewaeleetal.,2017;Kiński,2020).Inthelightofvariousstudies,
oneofthemostnotableconclusionsisthatteachersshouldnotbeoverlyworried
aboutloweringtheirstudents’FLCAlevelsbutshouldstrivetoboostlearners’FLE
measures,afindingthatappearstobeinkeepingwiththetenetsofpositivepsychol-
ogy,whichpostulatesanapproachseekingthedevelopmentofpositiveemotions
insteadofeliminatingnegativeones.
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Know-HowActivities
1.Encouragequestions-manyteachersarefamiliarwiththegraduallossoflearn-
ingcuriositythattakesplacebetweenprimaryandsecondaryschool,whichcan
partlybeexplainedbythestiflingattitudethatsometimesprevailsinschools.
Learntoperceiveyourstudents’questionsasanexpressionoftheirinterestand
rememberthatyoudon’talwayshavetobetheonewhoanswersthem-engage
therestoftheclass,too.Bearinmindthatthestrangestquestionsmayturnout
tobeveryvaluableinthelearningprocess.
2.Don’tjumptoconclusions-letyourstudentsexchangeopinionsandarguments
whentheycomeupwithvariousideas,beitgrammaticalissuesortopic-related
views.Learninghappensintheprocess,notatthemomentwhenyougivethe
rightanswersorpresenttherightconclusions,soitseemsworthwhiletoallow
yourstudentssometimetoconsiderandreconsidertheirideas.
3.Findcommonground-alltooofenstudentsvoicethecomplaintthattheir
teachersseemtobeemotionallydetachedfromthem.Whileteachingyour
subjectisdefinitelyimportant,findingsharedinterestsmaylayanefective
foundationforlanguagestudy.
4.Involveeveryone-itisanaturaltendencyforteacherstoinvolvethemostactive
students;however,thefactthatsomelearnersappearwithdrawnorreticentdoes
notalwaysmeanthattheyareunwillingtocooperate-theymaysimplyneed
moresupportandencouragement.Apossiblestrategyyoucouldadoptistobegin