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thisposition.Thereferendumwasorganised
inthecircumstancesofaRussianmilitarypresence
inCrimea,andtheconditionsunderwhichitwasconducted
werefarfromdemocratic.Infact,theeventrecalledother
plebiscitesorganisedbytheSovietsintheeasternpartofan
invadedPolandon22October1939,theaimofwhichwas
tojustifytheannexationofthePolishterritoriesoccupied
bytheSovietUnionincollaborationwithNaziGermany
onthebasisoftheHitler-Stalin(Ribbentrop-Molotov)Pact.
InthecaseoftheCrimeanreferendum,wehavetwo
possibleoptions:eitherwerejectitasnullandvoid,
ascarriedoutinthecircumstancesofaviolation
oftheproscriptionontheuseofmilitaryforce;orelse
wekeepitsresultsinmind,whilenotrecognisingitseffect
(asunlawfulsecession).Anyway,noneoftheactsthat
followedonfromthereferendum,includingthesigning
oftheincorporationtreatyon18March2014,thedecision
oftheRussianConstitutionalCourtof19March
2014confirmingthelawfulnessofthesaidtreaty,andits
ratificationbytheRussianandCrimeanParliaments
on20March2014,canbe(orare)recognised
bytheinternationalcommunity.Andthespeedatwhich
theseinstrumentsaccompanyingannexationproceededwill
bequotedinallannalsofinternationaldiplomacy,tosay
nothingofthe
GuinnessBookofRecords
.
4.Recognitionastheconditionforsuccessful
secession
Theproblemofrecognitionhasbeenthesubjectofmany
analyses,andthereisnoneedtodiscusstheseindetail.
Inthedoctrine,wecandistinguishtwoconcepts
ofrecognition,i.e.thedeclarativeandtheconstitutive.32
Afteraprolongedperiodofdominationofthedeclarative
conceptinthedoctrine,theconstitutiveconceptseemsnow
tobemoreandmoreprevalentinpractice.Probably,itsfirst
contemporaryexamplewere
GuidelinesontheRecognition
ofNewStatesinEasternEuropeandintheFormerSoviet
Union
adoptedundertheauspicesofEuropeanPolitical
Cooperationon16December1991,whichconditioned
therecognitionofnewstatesintermsoftheirfulfilment