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ofthetimeheldoffwithrecognitionuntilAugust1825,when
PortugalsignedatreatywithBrazil,recognisingthenew
state.
TheViennaCongressincorporatedBelgiuminto
theKingdomofTheNetherlands.InAugust1830,rebellion
brokeoutagainsttheauthorityofKingWilhelmIIofOrange,
whichinashorttimeledtoaproclamationofindependence.
DuringtheLondonConferenceconvenedinJanuary1831,
theGreatPowersagreedupontwoProtocolsdefiningrules
onthegainingofindependenceandthefutureexistence
oftheKingdomofBelgium.TheNetherlands,afterinitial
objections,decidedtosignadevolutiontreatywithBelgium
on19April1839,andonthesamedayitsignedfurther
agreementswiththeUnitedKingdom,Austria,France,Russia
andPrussia,concerningtherecognitionofBelgium.
Inpractice,themanyproblemswiththerecognition
ofnewstatesmainlyarisefromtheirdubiouseffectiveness.
TheUSAdelayedrecognitionofSyria,JordanandLebanonfor
3years,eventhoughtheUK,asthemandatorypower,
recognisedthemin1946.Evenmoremajorproblems
appearedwiththerecognitionofIsrael,whichwas
recognisedbytheUSA,USSRandseveralCentralEuropean
andLatinAmericanstates,butnotoriginallybytheUnited
KingdomorFrance.Modernpracticeislikewiseinstructive,
e.g.theUNwasverycautiousaboutthepossibility
ofrecognisingsecessionsifthestanceadopted
byapredecessortowardsitwasnegative.
Internationallegalauthorshavealsopointed
tocertaincasesofsecessioninwhichapredecessorstate
aimedtoavoidseparationofpartofitsterritoryand
population,seekingtopursuepolicythatdiscouragedthird
statesfromundertakingattemptsatrecognition.Themost
commonexamplesofsuchactionsentailthediplomacy
ofthechequebook(today,wewouldrathersayofthecredit
card)inwhichfinancialbenefitsforthirdstatesare
conditionalupontheirnon-recognitionofanewstate.Then
thereisneglectforrecognition.Despitethecommonly-
acceptedprincipleofthesovereignequalityofstates,
itishardnottosmileonhearingoftherecognition
ofAbkhaziabyNauru,VanuatuandTuvalu,avoidingany
formsoflegitimisation,protests,reprisals,etc.Thescope