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SPESINTE.TisishowWarsaw,fullofhopesofabetterfuture,re-
sortedtoaprospectnamedORIENS,alreadyknowninantiquity.
Tesecondpainting,producedin1809–1811,isentitledNapo-
leonConferringtheConstitutionontheDuchyofWarsawin1807(Fig.2),
whilethetitleoftheother,datingfrom1828,isTsarandKingAlexander
IConferringtheDocumentFoundingtheUniversityofWarsaw(Fig.3).
TeauthorsoftheseworksareMarcelloBacciarelli(1731–1818),at
onetimecourtpaintertoKingStanisławAugustus,andAntoniBro-
dowski(1784–1832),ProfessorofPaintingattheUniversityofWar-
saw.2Bacciarelli’scanvasshowsthesceneastakingplaceinaninterior
atthepalaceinDresden.KingFrederickAugustusofSaxony,grandson
ofKingAugustusIIIofPolandandElectorofSaxonynotshownin
thepaintingwasdesignatedtoruletheDuchy;hewasnamedheir
tothethroneintheConstitutionof3May1791.3Napoleonisshown
sittingonadais,withCharlesMauriceTalleyrandandHugo-Bernard
Maretstandingbyhisside,surroundedbyPolishdignitaries:Stanisław
1807
1.JanLigberafterKazimierz
Wojniakowski,Napoleon
asOriens,abannermade
fortheNationalTeatre
inWarsawinJanuary1807,
aquatinta,theNationalTeatre,
Warsaw
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