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6.SealoftheRoyalUniversity
ofWarsaw,inuseuntil1823,
MUW
7.SealsoftheRoyalUniversity
ofWarsaw,inuseuntil1823,MUW
articlesoftheconstitutionbegantobebrokenwithincreasingfrequency.
InhisfamousPowstanienarodupolskiego[TeRiseofthePolishNation],
MaurycyMochnackiwrote:KToshowtoEuropehe[AlexanderI]had
constitutionalrituals,orationsattheopeningandclosingoftheparlia-
mentarysessions.Totakeallpowerawayfromtheconstitutionaldecree,
tointroduceintheCongressKingdomofPolandthesameabsolutism
withwhichheruledMoscow,hehadhisbrother”.19Tatbrotherwas,
ofcourse,theGrandDukeConstantine,whowastrulyhatednotonly
inWarsaw;amanwhosebehaviouranddecisionsmanifestedanalmost
paranoiddespotism.Hisactionsweresupportedbytheubiquitoustsa-
ristcommissarNikolaiNovosiltsov,byanarmyofinformerswhich,par-
ticularlyafter1822,hadvastlyincreasedinnumbers,andbyevermore
severeandrigorouscensorship.
EventheCongressKingdom’scoatofarmsclearlydisplayedits
dependenceonRussia,bythenhometofiftymillioninhabitants.Itfea-
turedthegreattwo-headedBlackEagleofthetsarswiththetinyWhite
EagleofPolandonitsbreast.20Onlytwoinstitutions,thePolishArmy
whosecommanderwasnoneotherthanthedetestedGrandDukeCon-
stantineandWarsawUniversitywereallowedtousethebannerand
thecoatofarmswiththeWhiteEagle(Fig.6).Tis,however,changed
inthefirstdaysof1823.21FromJanuary1823onwards,thecoatofarms
andsealsoftheuniversityfeaturedtheWhiteEagleonthebreastofthe
two-headedBlackEagle.22TeemotionsofPoleslivingintheCongress
KingdomoverthisemblemwereperhapsbestexpressedbyJanCzyński
inanovel,writtenin1833butpublishedin1876,entitledCesarzewicz
KonstantyiJoannaGrudzińska,czyliJakubinipolscy[TeGrandDuke
ConstantineandJoannaGrudzińska,orPolishJacobins]:KOnceayear
TsarAlexander,thekingofPoland,wouldvisitWarsaw:andatthat
timethevastbannerwiththeblack,two-headedeaglewouldflutteron
thehighesttowerofthecastle.Tetinywhiteeagletallbutdisappeared
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