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ChangeManagementExperienceintheBalticStates
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rationalandsystematicanalysis.Italsostatesthatthechangeprocess
shouldbecomealearningprocessinwhichitsparticipantslearnbysolv-
ingcertainproblemsandthroughcooperation,andtheexperienceofother
participantsbecomesapartofthislearningprocess.TheActionModel
distinguishesthreedifferentgroupsofemployees:organization(represent-
edbyoneormorehigh-positionmanagers),subject(peoplewhobelong
totheorganizationorthesectionoftheorganizationwherechangeim-
plementationisnecessary),andthechangeagent(aconsultantwhomight
beaninternalorexternalplayer).Allthreegroupshavetocometogether
andsearchforasolutionthatisviableandacceptableforeveryone.TheAc-
tionmodelemphasizesthenecessityofadetailedsituationanalysiswhich
allowsidentifyingallpossiblealternativesolutionsandchoosingthemost
appropriateoneinagivensituation.Althoughthismodelhasmanysup-
porters,itisdifficulttoimplementitinpractice,especiallyinlargecom-
panies,becausegaininginvolvementandsupportforthechangeprocesses
fromallpartiesinvolvedisverydifficultandtime-consuming.
TheThree-stepModelisbasedonthestatementthatevenchanges
thatareinitiallyimplementedsuccessfullyoftenturnouttobeinfeasi-
ble,becauseaftersometimetheorganizationreturnstotheoldpractice.
Therefore,itisimportanttokeeptheimplementedchangesonanewde-
velopmentlevel.Thismodelassumesthatasuccessfulchangeprocess
consistsofthreemainsteps:de-freezingoftheexistinglevel,movement
tothenewlevelandfreezingofthenewlevel.Althoughthismodelhas
oftenbeencriticizedduetoitssimplicityandlinearity,itisstillwidelyap-
pliedinchangemanagementtheoryandpractice.2
ThePlannedChangeapproachis,inessence,afurtherdevelopment
oftheThree-stepModel.Manyauthorshavedevelopedmoreprecisesteps
whichtheorganizationundertakesduringtheprocessofplannedchange.
Someofthemostquoted3onesareBullock’sandBatten’schangestages:
1)researchstage;2)planningstage;3)actionstage;4)integrationstage.
Althoughplannedchangemanagementtheorieshavemanysupport-
ersbecausetheyprovidecertainandpreciselydevelopedinstrumentsfor
2Balogun,J.,Hailey,V.H.ExploringStrategicChange.PrenticeHall,Harlow,2004.
3Burnes,B.A.StrategicApproachtoOrganizationalDynamics.PitmanPublishing,London,
2004.