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Preface
Translatingfromonelanguageintoanotherisamathematicaltask
Wittgenstein,Zettel698
Everytranslationisanactofcreation.Translationcreatesnewentities,linguistic
andsemiotic,whichmakesitacrucialcommunicativeactivity.Littlewonder
thatcontemporarytranslationstudieshaveaverywidescopeandinterfacewith
disciplinesasvariedaslinguistics,literaryandculturestudies,semiotics,com-
municationstudies,informationandcomputerscience,andphilosophy.
Thisvolumeinvestigatesthevariouswaystotranslationandtranslation
studies.BarbaraLewandowska-Tomaszczykprovidesacomprehensiveover-
viewofmeaningtheories,andconcentratesontheissuesofequivalenceand
indeterminacyoftranslation(alsowithinahistoricalperspective).Theauthor
considerstranslationincognitivistterms,i.e.asre-conceptualizationofasource
languagemessageinthetotalityofitscontextsandsituations,andputsforward
atypologyofequivalenceatlanguagelevels.Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk
demonstratesthat,similarlytothewholefieldoftranslationstudies,thescopeof
equivalenceisgettingmoreandmoreextendedatpresenttimes.
JacekWalińskifocusesonunitsoftranslationandtranslationprocedures.
Hedistinguishesdirecttranslationprocedures(suchasborrowing,calque,and
literaltranslation),andobliqueprocedures(transposition,modulation,equiva-
lence,andadaptation).Walińskiconcludesthatacarefulanalysisofpossible
taxonomiesoftranslationproceduresencouragesonetolookbeyondsimple
structuralalterationsbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,andtosee
theroleofthetranslatorasacreativeintermediarybetweentheoriginalauthor
andthetargetaudienceintheprocessoftranslation-mediatedcommunication.
Thenexttwochaptersaredevotedtobarriersintranslating.Janusz
Wróblewskifirstdiscussesthelinguisticbarriers,nexttheculturalones,noting
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