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paidtoanotheraspectofpolicework-theexposureofpoliceofficerstoincreasing
amountsofviolence,includinghomicides.
Anotherareawherevictimologyisofgreatsignificanceisthepenitentiaryproblem
describedinChapter15.Theabundantliteratureproducedbynumerousauthorsclaims
thatprisons,moreoftenthannormalenvironments,giverisetonegativechangesin
thehumanpsyche,disturbancesinthesphereofconsciousness,feelings,anddeci-
sion-makingprocesses,whichconsequentlyveryoftenleadtobehaviourdisorders.
Thisproblemissocomprehensiveandmultidimensionalthatitseemedlegitimateto
createseparatesub-chapters,concerning,respectively,prisonovercrowding,suicides
amongdetainees,crimeandvictimisationinprisonsinselectedcountries,thefamily
membersofconvicts,ortheprisonsubcultureinPolishprisons.
Thelasttwochaptersofthebookaredevotedtotheprospectsofcrimevictims.
Chapter16describesthesystemofassistancetocrimevictims,andChapter17focuses
ontheaspectsofmediationbetweenvictimsandperpetrators.Inparticular,Chapter16
discussessuchimportantissuesasthedutiesofthestateinrelationtovictims,theissue
ofcompensationofferedtocrimevictims(ontheexampleofselectedcountries),or
thesituationofvictimsintherestitutionandadvicesystem.ThesituationinPoland
isdiscussedindetail,includingthefoundationsfortheassistancetovictimsofcrime,
statepolicyinrelationtovictimsofcrime,andpoliceactivitiesinsupportofthevic-
tims.Theroleofvolunteerworkforthebenefitofvictimsofcrimeisemphasised,and,
forcomparativepurposes,thesystemofassistancetovictimsofcrimeintheUnited
Statesispresented.
Thelastyearsofthetwentiethcenturysawacrisisinthephilosophyofpunishment
andpenitentiarypolicyinthefieldofjustice.Oftheexistingpenalmeasures,custodial
sentenceandthemannerofitsexecutionisthemostheavilycriticised.Formanyyears,
researchhasbeenconducted,notonlyinindividualcountries,butalsoinaninter-
nationalperspective,tofindsolutionsthatwouldeliminatetheneedforthispenalty
andreplaceitwithothermeasures.Theauthorsoftheabundantscientificliterature
indicatethatimprisonmentisthemostexpensivetypeofpunishmentprovidedby
law,bothfromtheeconomic,social,andpsychologicalpointofview.Thehighsocial
costsinvolvedinrehabilitationwithinaprisonareimportantfromtheperspectiveof
thegoalofacustodialsentence,aswhenthepreventionofthenegativeimpactofthe
criminogenicprisonenvironmentisobjectivelyinefficient,themajorityofpersons
whoarereleasedandwhocommitcrimesagaingenerallyshowsamuchhigherdegree
ofsocialaberrationthanbeforeimprisonment.Itwasfoundthattheuseofmediation
incriminalmattersbringsmanybenefitstotheperpetrator,thevictim,andthejus-
ticesystem.Adiscourseonmediationclosesthismostcomprehensiveandcomplete
compendiumofknowledgeonvictimisation.
CriminalVictimology-abstract
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