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onlinesexualabuse,theimageofwomenasperpetratorsofsexualabuseagainstchil-
dren,andthesexualexploitationofchildren.
Corruptionisaphenomenonofsocialpathologythatinvolvesmanycriminalbe-
haviours,suchasbribery,influencepeddling,ornepotism.Alltheseactionshavecer-
taincommoncharacteristics:theyviolatethelaw,bringbenefitstobothpartiestothe
agreement,andareofasecretnature.Corruptionoccursinallcountriesoftheworld,
regardlessoflocation,formofgovernance,thelevelofprosperityinthesociety,orits
culturalaccomplishments.Overthecenturies,corruptionhasbeenanincreasingly
significantproblem.Ithasbeenescalatinginbothquantitativeandqualitativeterms.
Somecorruptionsituations,suchas“evidenceofgratitude”intheformofanenvelope
withbanknotesinit,havebecomelessprevalent.Insomeareasofsocio-economiclife,
othershavedisplacedit.Currently,criminalactivitiesaremaskedbylegalprocedures
-e.g.,participantsinapublictendermaybeinconspiracyandevenofferlowerprices,
knowingthatoneofthemwillwinthetenderandshareitwiththeothers.Chapter12
presentsstatisticsandresearchfindingsoncorruptioninmanycountries.Anassess-
mentoftheactualdegreeofcorruptionisonlypossiblethroughtheuseofresearch
instrumentsdevelopedbycriminology,thoughitisalwaysapproximateanddebatable.
Chapter13addressestheinterestingquestionofthevictimologyofinadvertent
behaviours.Humanactivityinanemergencyischaracterisedbyavaryingdegreeof
risk-taking.Itiswell-knownthattheconsequencesofhumanactionsmayoccurim-
mediatelyaftertheeventortheymaybedeferredoverashorterorlongerperiod.In
psychologicalstudiesontheutilityoffactorseffectedbydifferentactivities,timeap-
pearedtoplayanimportantroleasamodifieroftheutilityofresultaswellasofthe
perceptionofthreatrelatedtocertainbehaviours.Itwasfoundthatovertime,both
theutilityofresultsandthenegativeutilityofadversefactorsdecrease.Peopleprefer
immediateorshort-termbenefitrealisation,anddelayedorlong-termemergenceof
undesirableconsequences.Thevictimologicalaspectofinadvertentbehavioursas
asourceofthreattotheindividualisclearlyexpressedwhentheindividualbecomes
thevictimofacrime.Itisaffectedbyacombinationoffeaturesoftheindividual,
group,society,institutions,state,andlivingconditionswhichleadtotheemergence
ofcriminalthreat.
Chapter14focussesontheproblemofpoliceofficersasvictimsofaggressivecon-
duct.Muchattentionhasbeenpaidtotheworkofthepolicewithinthesocietyaswell
astheabuseofcitizenbypoliceofficers,whichsometimestakestheformofviolence.
Cooperationwiththesocietymeansthatcitizenareincludedincrimepreventionpro-
grammesandencouragedtoreportcrimes,whichhelpstoassessthestateofcrime.
Itisalsoimportanttoincludethepublicinexplainingcrimeandresolvingsocialcon-
flicts(e.g.,demonstrations).Apositiveimageofthepoliceinthesocietyisanessential
conditionforitseffectivework.Actsofpoliceviolencepublicisedbythemediaare
animportantcauseofthebreakdownofcooperationwiththesociety,withnegative
consequencesfortheeffectivenessofthepolice.Insufficientattentionisstillbeing
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