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1.1.Contemporarydefnitionsandunderstandingofsafety:contextsandcontroversies
negatively.Intheliteratureonthesubject,safetythreatsaremostofen
sharedfromthepointofviewoftheirsubjectiveorobjectivenature,dis-
tinguishingmentalandphysicalthreats.Tesignificantheuristicvalue
ofDanielFrei)sapproachtosecurityanalysisrevealsitstwo-dimensional
nature—subjectiveandobjective.Itthusintroducesthepossibilityofin-
consistenciesandevenconflictbetweentheseaspects.
Literatureanalysisshowsthatsafetyismostofenunderstoodasaspe-
cificobjectivestateexpressedbytheabsenceofphysicalthreatstothese
entitiesandasubjective(psychological)state,understoodasasenseof
dangeroritsabsence(see:Kołodziejczyk,2007).Teresolutionofdis-
putesconcerningtherelationshipbetweenwhatissubjectiveandwhatis
objectiveintheissueoflackofsafetycanbetostatethatbothapproaches
aretosomeextentvalid.Lackofsafetyisareflectionofboththephysical
environmentandspecific(objective)activities,aswellaswhatevermight
betheproductofoursenses.Tefundamentalproblemisthefactthat,
whendefiningthelackofsafety,variousauthorsemphasizetheimpor-
tanceofobjectiveandsubjectivefactorsdińerently.Cieślarczykemphasiz-
esthatthedichotomousperspectiveofthinkingaboutthesubject—with
itsdivisionintoobjectiveandsubjective—isnotgoodenoughforthecur-
rentsafetyresearch.Instead,itisworthwhiletodirectourattentionand
focusonthethirdaspectofsafety,whichcanbedescribedasobjective-
subjectiveororganizational.Tisaspectisemployedtomaintainand
evenimproveboththeobjectiveandsubjectivelevelsofsafety,serving
asaunifyingelementthatfostersharmonyamongallitsdimensions.
Manyresearchersbelievethatsafetyandthreatareinterrelatedcon-
cepts,andtheircorrelationsimpactvariousfactors,includinganindivid-
ual)slevelofperceivedsafety.Teconceptofsafetythreatswaspreviously
definedinstrictrelationtothemilitaryareaofsafety,whichwascon-
sideredapriority.Inourdayandage,inwhichanincreasingnumberof
threatsgoeshandinhandwithcivilizationalprogress,theunderstand-
ingofsafetyhaschanged.Inthepast,itwasunderstoodpurelymilitar-
ily,todayithasexpandedtoimportantnon-militaryaspects—political,
economic,ecological,andhealth,amongothers(Newman,2001;Erik-
senetal.,2010,Williams,2013;Konieczny,2022).Whilenaturalhazards
haveaccompaniedhumanssincethedawnoftime,civilizationalthreats
havechangedtheirnatureandscope:fromarmedconflictsandterrorist
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