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23
meansofprocuringthingsintopersonalownershipofcitizens22thetransferofownership
isclearlyrequired,asopposedintheRomanlawbutsimilarlyasintheABGB.
Similarlyasinpreviousstagesalsointhelegalregulationofthenewcivilcodethe
constituentelementsofthecontractofsaleareobjectofthesaleandprice,butbecause
ofprinciplesdeclaredintheExplanatoryMemorandum23itdoesnotprovideanydetails.
EventhoughtheCivilCode1950itselfdoesnotprovideanydetailssomeinformation
canbededucedfromwhathasbeenalreadysaid.Itisthereforeobviousthatevenwithout
sayingitexplicitlysomethingswereexcludedfrombeinganobjectofthecontractof
sale.Chieflythosewereso-calledmeansofproductionwhichwerenotpossibletobe
hadinpersonalownership.Anotherpointercanbethedefinitionofa"thinginalegal
sense”whichwasdefinedintheCivilCodeinart.23as"controllablematerialobjects
andelementswhichservehumanneeds”24.Thisdefinitionwasexplicitlyexplainedinthe
ExplanatoryMemorandumassomethinginoppositionwiththepreviouscivillaw,which
underthe"thinginalegalsense”hadmeantnotonlymaterialobjectsbutalsorightsas
immaterialthings25.Accordingtotheauthorsofthecodethisunderstanding"contradicts
commonsenseandunderstanding”26andthereforethenewCivilCode1950regardas
thingsonlymaterialobjectsandelements,whichcanbeusedbyhumans.Theobjectof
salecanthereforebeonlysomedare27andcanneverbefacere28.
Alittlemoredetailedisthecodewithrespecttothesecondconstituentelementof
thecontractofsale,whichistheprice.Intheart.366isclearlystatedthatthebuyeris
obligedtopaytheagreeduponprice,whatwithitisplainlydeterminedthatheisobliged
topaymoneysincethisisthemostcommonunderstandingoftheword"price”.The
phrase"agreeduponprice”could,andaccordingtothecontemporarylawyersitdid29,
meanthatthepricemustbespecific,whichmeansitmustbeagreeduponinsuchaway
thatitsamountmustbeobjectivelyascertainable.Thiskindofinterpretationthough,is
alreadyasupplementtobriefprovisionsoftheCivilCode1950.
4.Fromthedefinitionofthecontractofsalefollowsthatthepartiesofthiscontractare
thebuyerandtheseller.ButfromthecharacteroftheCivilCode1950asacivilcodeof
the"people’sdemocracy”followsthatthecontractofsalewasrestrictedonlytoa"mu-
tualrelationbetweencitizensandbetweencitizensononesideandsocialisticorganiza-
tionsontheother”30.Thatwasanaturalconsequenceoftheprinciplethatthecontractof
salewasthemeansofprocuringobjectsintopersonalownership–objectsofpersonal
22
B.Andres,Smlouvakupni,p.409.
23
"[...]wehavechosenflexibleandskeletonprovisionswhichwillnothinderfurtherdevelopmentand
wehavesubstitutedthesystemofsometimestoocasuisticprovisionsbyflexiblegeneralclauses[...]”.In:
ExplanatoryMemorandum.
24
§23lawnumber141/1950Zb.,theCivilCode.
25
§285ABGBasamendeddefinesa"thinginalegalsense”as"everythingthatisdifferentfromaper-
sonandthatservestheneedofpeople”and§292states:"materialthingsaresuchthatareperceivablethrough
humansenses;allothersareimmaterial:e.g.rightoffishery,rightofchaseandallotherrights”.
26
PrvýObčianskyzákonnik,p.54.
27
Provisionofathinginexchangeformoney.
28
Anykindofactivity.
29
Seee.g.B.Andres,Smlouvakupni,p.413.
30
V
.Knappa.o.,Učebnica,vol.II,p.104.
