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Introductionandmethodology
judiciary.Thefewexistingpublicationsregardingindependenceofthe
judiciaryincivilproceedingsareofmerelyfragmentarynature.Onthe
otherhand,thedoctrineoflawconcerningthecourtsystemofferssome
publicationsexploringthepersonalandorganizationalguaranteesofthe
judicialindependence,buttheyomitaltogetherthefunctionalaspect
thereof.Alsoasyntheticelaborationoftheveryconceptofjudicial
independenceislacking,aswellasadogmaticanalysisoftheindivi-
dualelementscombiningintothedefinitionofjudicialindependence
andaclarificationoftheinterrelationsbetweenthetwoprinciples:of
independenceofcourtsandindependenceofjudges.
Thedoctrineonlymarginallyaddressesalsotheconnectionsbetween
theindependenceofjudgesandtheorganizationandvolumeofjudges'
work.Sofar,literatureofthesubjecthasnotanalyzedtheissuesof
allocationofcasestojudges,theorderofresolvingthemorthetime
neededtoexaminetheminthecontextofindependenceofjudges,
butexclusivelyasamatteroftechnicalorganizationofajudge'swork.
Inturn,independenceofjudgesininternalcourtrelationsisusually
narroweddowntotheanalysisoftheinstitutionofdissentingopinion.
Asofyet,nocomprehensivedogmaticanalysisofjudges'independence
inrelationtootherjudgeshasbeenconducted;neitherinthecontext
ofprofessionalhierarchy,thatisinrelationto,e.g.courtpresidentor
divisionchairperson,butalsoasregardsotherjudgesadjudicatingin
collegiatepanelsorincourtsofsecondinstance.Theissueofjudges'
independencehasnotbeenexploredinacomplexmannerinacross-
-sectionalsystemofrelationsbetweenthejudicialpowerandexecutive
power,legislativepower,mediaandsocietyorpartiestoadispute.
Independenceofjudgesisoneofthemainstaysofademocraticstateof
lawandthusitdoesnotexistwithoutmanyprocedural,system-related
andinstitutionalguarantees.Thepowerheldbyjudgeshasbeen-and
stillis-abusedsincetimesimmemorial,andtheauthoritarianappe-
titesofauthoritiesthroughouthistoryhaveoftenstriventosubjugate
courtsandtoturnjudgesintoofficialsattheirdisposal.Theaxiom
thatthejudges'independenceshouldbeisdevaluedwithincreasing
frequencyinthecontemporarylegalorders.Judgescannotbeafraid
thattheirdecisionsinproceedings,ifinconvenienttotheexecutiveor
