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Preface:Onthesubjectandconceptsused
Chapter30
Children’ssocialandhealthproblems
21
Childrenaredefnedasthepopulationfrombirthtoadolescence,i.e.untiltheyreach
12-13yearsofage.Fromthebiologicalpointofview,thisperiodissignifcantlydiverse
duetothedynamicsofdevelopmentand,consequently,theneedsofchildren.Tere
arethreesub-periods:infancy(earlyandlate),lastingupto2.5-3yearsold,childhood,
lastingupto6-7yearsold,andthepre-pubertalperiod(7-8to12-13yearsold).
Althoughhumandevelopmentinchildhoodisoffundamentalimportanceforachil-
d’sfuture,theconceptsofitssupportaresubjecttocontroversy.Temaininstitutions,
i.e.family,careandschoolinstitutionshavebeenestablishedanddevelopedinthe
contextoftheeternalconfictbetweenrecognizingtheabsolutepowerofparentsand
grantingagreaterinfuencetotheappropriateinstitutions.Tisconficthasalong
historyinPolandandresultsindelaysintheapplicationofmodernconceptsof
childhooddevelopmentthattakeintoaccounttheirincreasedneedsforhealthprotec-
tionandthecreationofappropriateconditionsthatstimulatepsychosocialandintel-
lectualdevelopment.Publicinstitutionsaredispersedandweakenedintermsofstal
andfnances,whilethelimitationsintheintegrityofhealth,care,andeducational
facilitiesreducetheirpotentialforelectiveimpactonchildren’sdevelopment.
Chapter40
Socialandhealthproblemsofyouth
Teconceptofyouthcoversthepopulationofpeoplewhoareinatransitionphase
ofdevelopment:fromchildhoodtoadulthood.Teadolescentperiodcomprisesthree
agesub-periods:11-14,15-18,and19-24yearsold.Inthefrstsub-period,puberty
(adolescence)occurs,whileinthesecond,15-18yearsold,theso-calledpeakofsoma-
ticdevelopment.Inthethirdsub-period,19-24yearsold,wedealwithapopulation
alreadyshapedintermsofbiologicaldevelopment.Treatingyoungpeopleinthislast
sub-periodasyouthisduetotheireconomicdependence,causedbytheextensionof
educationasaresultofincreasingparticipationinhighereducation.
Teadolescenceperiod,andaboveallitsfrsttwosub-periods,isverydifcult.
Teinternalcontrolsystemisinadequatewhilethecognitiveneedsarehigh,which
leadstoriskybehaviours.Temainonesarelinkedtoadversehealthelects:druguse,
unhealthyfood,insufcientphysicalactivity,andearlyandunprotectedsexualactiv-
ity,whichallofenleadtodramaticelects.Parentsandpublicinstitutions,especially
school,ofendonotproperlyperformthefunctionsofhealthprotectionandeduca-
tionappropriatetoage.Atthesametime,theintroducededucationreforminPoland,
notonlyalectstheorganizationalperturbationsofyoungpeople’sschoollife,but
alsodoesnottakeintoaccounttheneedforintegrated(coordinated)healthand
