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Preface:Onthesubjectandconceptsused
socio-pedagogicalactivitiesinresponsetotheproblemsofthisparticularanddifcult
phaseofhumanlife.
Chapter50
Socialandhealthproblemsofyoungadults
Youngadultsarepeoplerangingfromtheageoffnishingeducation(about25yearsold),
enteringtraditionaladultroles(leavingthefamilyhome,takingupajob,startinga
family),uptomidlife(approx.45yearsofage).Itisagroupcharacterizedbyrelatively
goodhealth,althoughbehaviouralriskfactors,whicharecommonamongyoung
adults,suchassmokingoralcoholabuse,signifcantlyreducethehealthcapitalof
youngadults,leadingtochronicdiseasesinolderage.
Tefulflmentofyoungadults’needsintheareaoffamilyandworkisimportant
inordertoensuretheirwell-being.Nevertheless,theformationandfunctioningof
familyhavechangedsignifcantlyinrecentdecades,whichismanifestedinfewer
marriages,moredivorces,andlowerfertility.Teprecariousanddynamiclabour
marketalsoplaceshighdemandsontheadaptationabilitiesofyoungadultsandmay
negativelyalecttheirincomeprotection.Combiningthesetwoareas:familyand
professionallife,isoneofthegreatestchallengesyoungadultsfacetoday.Itrequires
coordinatedactionstoensurework-lifebalance,achievedthroughamoreevendistri-
butionoffamilyresponsibilitiesbetweenmenandwomen,morefexibleworkarrange-
mentsandtheavailabilityofformalchildcareservices.
Chapter60
Socialandhealthproblemsoflateadulthood
Aroundtheageof45,theclearlyregressivephaseofhumanbiologicaldevelopment
begins,whichisaccompaniedbychangesinsocialposition.Chronicillnessesappear,
leadingtodisabilityaswellasprematuremortality,mainlyformen.Familylifechan-
gesasaresultofchildrenleavinghome,andthusinitiatingtheso-calledtheempty
nestphase.Tereisatrendtowardsamultidirectionalpathonthelabourmarket,
especiallyacrossqualifcationsandgender;ontheonehand,forprofessionaland
incomegrowth,andontheother,forearlyexitfromthelabourmarket.Womentake
ondoublecaringresponsibilities,i.e.towardsgrandchildrenandold,dependent
parents(thesandwichgeneration).TeresponseofpublicpoliciesinPolandto
specifcallydifculthealthproblems,aswellastotheproblemofcombiningfamily
andworkinthisphaseofpeople’slives,isinsufcient.Tispromotesdeactivation,
whichisnotonlyawasteof‘productive’humanresources,butalsolimitstheinvest-
mentapproach-preparationforactiveandhealthyoldage.
