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Kaniowski,2010,p.16).Ur(2001)contraststhewordHprofessional”with
severaltermsofsimilarmeaning:thenotionofHlay”(laypeopledonotpos-
sesstheskills,knowledgeorconventionsofprofessionals,noremployvo-
cabularyknowntoprofessionals),Hamateur”(amateursworkforfunorthe
loveofitbutlackthequalityofpreparatoryandongoinglearning),Htechni-
cian”(techniciansareskilfulintheirworkduetopracticebutindulge
inautomaticroutines)andHacademic”(academicsareprimarilyoccupiedin
thinkingandresearching,andtheirworkmaynotalwaysapplytoprofes-
sionalpractice).Examiningprofessionalism,Carr(1999,p.34)enumerates
fiveprincipalcriteriaforwhatconstitutesaprofession:1)beingsituatedin
socio-politicalmatters,2)requiringhightheoreticalandpracticalcompe-
tences,3)implyinganethicaldimension,4)requiringorganizationalforms
fortherecruitmentanddiscipliningofthosewhoperformtheprofession,5)
beingendowedwithahighdegreeofindependenceinperformingthework
inthemosteffectivemanner.Ittranspires,therefore,thattheAnglo-Saxon
understandingofHprofessionalism”issomewhatuniquebecauseitimplies
theoreticalpreparationforthejoband,inaway,aninstilledprofessional
awarenessofethicalproblemsthataredifficulttosolvewithoutdispute.
Thismeansthatsolvingsuchproblemsshouldbeguidedbyaprofessional
senseofresponsibility,andcaninnowaybearesultofattendingsolelyto
technicalaspectsoftheproblem.Lackoftechnicalorspecialistpreparation
accompaniedbylackofreflectiononfundamentalprinciplesandissues
wouldthereforebediametricallyopposedtotheideaofprofessionalism
(Kaniowski,2010,p.18).
Subsumedwithinthenotionofteacherprofessionalismistheconceptof
qualityteaching,sometimesreferredtoasteacherexpertise.Tsui(2009,p.192)
distinguishesbetweenexpertiseasastateandexpertiseasaprocess.Thefor-
meristhoughttobereachedafteryearsofexperienceasalanguageteacher,
andhasbeeninvestigatedintheformofnovice-expertteacherstudies.This
typeofteacherexpertiseinvolvesthepossessionofanintegratedknowledge
base(Johnson,2009b)orpersonalpracticalknowledge(Golombek,2009)
whichenablesteacherstorecognizeandinterpretpatternsinrapidand
meaningfulways,topayselectiveattentiontoobjectives,topossessim-
provisationalskillsandtheabilitytoexplainteachingpracticesinaprinci-
pledandcoherentmanner.Expertiseasaprocessseemstorepresentanalto-
getherdeeperinvolvement,whichhasbeenborneoutbystudiesinvestigat-
ingthedevelopmentofteachersovertime(e.g.Tsui,2003).Accordingtothis
perspective,expertisesignifiescontinualinteractionbetweenthetheoretical
andpersonalpracticalknowledgeofteachers,theirabilitytotranscendcon-
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