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I.
Warsawinthetime
oftheDuchyofWarsawand
theCongressKingdom
(1807–1831)
Imagesandsymbols
Treepaintings,allmadeinWarsawinthefirstthirtyyearsof
thenineteenthcentury,commemoratethekeyeventsinthehistoryof
post-PartitionPoland.Tefirst,byKazimierzWojniakowski,known
onlyfromanaquatintbyJanLigber,referstoNapoleon’sarrivalin
Warsawandthecity’sresultingliberationfromthePrussians(Fig.1).1
On18January1807theNationalTeatreonKrasińskiSquarestaged
PerseusandAndromeda,alyricaldramabyLudwikOsińskiwithmusic
byJózefElsner,inhonourofNapoleon.Perseus’rescueofAndrome-
dafrommonsterswasanobviousallusiontoNapoleonfreeingPoland
fromtheaggressivepartitioningstates.Tehighlightoftheperformance
wasWojniakowski’stableau,producedaccordingtoideasproposedby
OsińskiandWojciechBogusławski,thedirectoroftheNationalTeatre.
AradiantmedallionwithNapoleon’slikenesswasplacedinthecentre,
withawingedfigureofFamerisingaboveitandblowingatrumpet.Be-
low,totheright,aGeniuswasdepictedliberatinganarmouredknight
fromhisgravebypullingbackaboardwiththewordRESURGAM,
whileafemalefigureknelttotheleft,withherfaceturnedtotheNa-
poleonicSunandheropenarmsindicatingtheroyalinsigniawiththe
Polishemblemabandonedatherfeet.Fromherlipsemergedthemotto
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